Table 1.

Summary of 4-HNE levels in different samples measured by various methods.

Animal model	Tissue/sample types	Methods of 4-HNE detection	4-HNE/4-HNE adduct levels	References
Rats	Blood Plasma	HPLC	5–75 mmol/l	[61]
Rats	Feces		0.10–0.15 μM	[62]
CCI4 treated F344 rats	Liver DNA		~37-fold increase in 4-HNE adducts vs. WT	[63]
Obese mice	Epididymal adipose tissue	MS/MS	~2–3-fold increase in 4-HNE adducts	[64]
Rat	Plasma	GC-MS	2.5–250 nmol/L	[65]
Spontaneously hypertensive rats	Blood/plasma		~1.8-fold increase in 4-HNE adducts vs. control	[66]
CCI4 treated rats	Plasma		~0.2–183.7 ng/ml	[67]
Zucker obese rats	Urines	LC-MS/MS	0.01–0.075 nM/ml	[68]
Mice	Liver		107 ± 7 – 240 ± 8pmol/100mg tissue weight	[69]
Obese patients	Blood	Immunodetection (ELISA)	~1.75-fold increases 4-HNE adducts vs. normal subjects	[70]
Diabetic mice	Heart	Immunodetection (Western blot)	~3-fold increase vs. control	[46]

CCl₄: carbon tetrachloride; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; GC: gas chromatography; LC: liquid chromatography; and ELISA: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.