Table 1.
Prevalence of Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum and A. platys) antibodies and/or DNA detection of A. phagocytophilum in blood samples from dogs in several countries.
| Countries | Number of dogs | Type of dog population | Prevalence (%) | Method | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMERICA | |||||
| Canada | 86,251 | Sick and healthy dogs from 238 practices | 0.2 | ELISA | (114) |
| 115,636 | Not stated | 0.29 | ELISA | (115) | |
| 753,468 | Not stated | 0.4 | ELISA | (116) | |
| 7 provinces | 285 | Not stated | 1.1 | ELISA | (3) |
| South Ontario, Quebec | 53 | Suspected to have TBD | 0.0 | IFA | (117) |
| Saskatchewan | 515 | Sick and healthy client-owned dogs | 0.6 | ELISA | (118) |
| USA | 3,950,852 | Not stated | 3.8 | ELISA | (15) |
| 3,588,477 | Sick and healthy dogs tested for VBD | 4.4 | ELISA | (23) | |
| 479,640 | Dogs suspected to have a VBD | 4.8 | ELISA | (9) | |
| 14,496 | Dogs suspected to have a VBD | 1.9 | ELISA | (119) | |
| 6,268 | Dogs suspected to have a VBD | 1.5–3.5 | ELISA | (3) | |
| Oregon, California | 2,431 | Clinically healthy dogs | 2.4 | ELISA | (120) |
| North Carolina, Virginia | 1,845 | Dogs admitted regardless of the reason for examination to the NCSU-VTH | 1.1 | IFA | (121) |
| Maine | 1,087 | Dogs tested for heartworm or undergoing surgery | 7.1 | ELISA | (122) |
| California | 1,385 | Non-ehrlichial related illnesses or well-animal care | 8.7 | IFA | (10) |
| 184 | Rural dogs with or without clinical signs | 40.0 7.6 |
IFA PCR |
(12) | |
| Minnesota | 731 | Sick and healthy pet dogs | 29.0 | ELISA | (13) |
| 273 | 9.5 | PCR | |||
| Oklahoma | 259 | Dogs suspected to have a VBD | 33.0 | IFA | (123) |
| Northern Arizona | 233 | Pet and stray dogs | 11.6 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(124) |
| New Jersey | 202 | Healthy dogs | 9.4 | ELISA | (125) |
| North Carolina | 118 | Clinically healthy dogs | 0.0 | ELISA | (126) |
| Connecticut, New York | 106 | Sick client-owned dogs living | 9.4 | IFA, WB | (127) |
| Cumberland Gap Region | 232 | Shelter dogs | 0.9 | ELISA | (128) |
| Brazil | |||||
| Rio de Janeiro | 398 | Not stated | 6.0 | PCR | (84) |
| 253 | Not stated | 7.1 | PCR | (129) | |
| Southeastern | 198 | Dogs suspected to have TBD | 0.0 | PCR | (130) |
| Southern | 196 | Companion dogs | 9.7 | ELISA | (131) |
| Central-northern Parana | 138 | Rural and urban dogs | 13.8 | ELISA | (132) |
| Puerto Rico | 629 | Dogs from shelters and a veterinary clinic | 1.0 | ELISA | (133) |
| Colombia | 498 | Not stated (abstract only) | 33.0 | ELISA | (133) |
| 218 | Working, shelter and client-owned dogs | 53.2 | ELISA | (134) | |
| Haiti | 210 | Owned dogs | 17.6 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(135) |
| West Indies | 157 | Not stated | 10.8 | ICG | (136) |
| Caribbean region | 29 | Not stated | 10.0 | ELISA | (3) |
| Mexico | 1,706 | Healthy dogs and dogs with clinical signs compatible with VBD | 9.9 | ELISA | (137) |
| Costa Rica | 408 | Apparently healthy dogs | 2.7 | IFA | (138) |
| 374 | 0.3 | PCR | |||
| Ecuador Galapagos Islands | 58 | Without consideration of the patients' presenting complaint | 12.1 | ELISA | (139) |
| Nicaragua | 329 | Dogs presented at veterinary clinics | 28.6 2.2 |
ELISA PCR |
(140) |
| Chile | 905 | Urban and rural dogs | 44.0 | IFA | (141) |
| EUROPE | |||||
| Germany | 5,881 | Sick dogs suspected to have anaplasmosis | 21.5 | ELISA | (142) |
| 1,124 | Dogs suspected to have anaplasmosis | 50.1 | IFA | (143) | |
| 522 | Healthy dogs and dogs suspected of CGA | 43.0 5.7 |
IFA PCR |
(144) | |
| 111 | Healthy dogs and dogs suspected of CGA | 43.2 6.3 |
IFA PCR |
(31) | |
| 1,862 | Traveling dogs to Germany | 17.8 | IFA | (145) | |
| 792 | Retrospective analysis of serum sample | 41.9 | IFA | (146) | |
| Munich | 448 | Healthy and sick dogs | 19.4 | ELISA | (147) |
| 171 | Healthy Bernese Mountain Dogs | 50.3 | IFA | (148) | |
| 57 | Healthy dogs from other breeds | 24.6 | |||
| Brandenburg | 1,023 | Blood samples from veterinary clinics or a commercial diagnostic laboratory | 1.5 | PCR | (149) |
| Russia | |||||
| European part | 440 | Urban dogs with a history of tick bites | 1.1 | ELISA | (150) |
| Voronezh Reserve | 82 | Dogs owned by Voronezh Reserve staff | 34.1 | ELISA | |
| Hungary | 1,305 | Healthy pet dogs | 7.9 | ELISA | (151) |
| Southern Hungary | 126 | Shepherd, hunting and stray dogs | 11.0 | PCR | (152) |
| Slovakia | 87 | Dogs suspected to have babesiosis | 8.0 | PCR | (153) |
| Dogs randomly selected | 11.7 | ELISA | (154) | ||
| Bulgaria | |||||
| Central-southern | 167 | Dogs presented for various clinical reasons | 19.2 | IFA | (155) |
| Austria | 1,470 | 56.5 | IFA | (156) | |
| United Kingdom | 120 | Dogs suspected to have TBD | 0.8 | PCR | (157) |
| Sweden | 611 | Dogs not clinically suspected to be infected by Ehrlichia spp or B. burgdorferi sensu lato | 17.7 | IFA | (158) |
| 100 | Not stated | 17.0 | IFA | (159) | |
| Finland | 340 | Pet dogs with or without clinical signs of illness | 5.3 | ELISA | (160) |
| 50 | Healthy hunting dogs | 4.0 | |||
| Albania | 30 | Clinically healthy semi-domesticated dogs | 40 | IFA | (161) |
| Tirana | 602 | Client-owned dogs | 24.1 1.0 |
IFA PCR |
(162) |
| Latvia | 470 | Healthy dogs and dogs suspected to have borreliosis and/or anaplasmosis | 11.4 | ELISA | (163) |
| Romania | 1,146 | Guard, pet, shelter, stray and hunting dogs | 5.5 | ELISA | (164) |
| 29 | Pet and stray dogs from Romania | 7.4 | IFA | (165) | |
| 109 | Dogs imported from Romania to Germany | 2.2 | PCR | ||
| Eight counties | 357 | Not stated | 5.3 | PCR | (166) |
| Southeastern | 257 | Not stated | 6.2 | PCR | (167) |
| South Central | 149 | Asymptomatic shelter dogs | 3.3 | ELISA | (168) |
| Serbia | |||||
| Vojvodina province | 84 | Randomly selected dogs | 15.5 | IFA | (169) |
| Belgrade municipalities | 111 | Shelter, free-roaming and hunting dogs | 28.8 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(170) |
| Poland | 3,094 | Healthy dogs with a history of tick bite | 12.3 | ELISA | (171) |
| Eastern | 400 | Healthy dogs | 8.0 2.8 |
ELISA PCR |
(172) (173) |
| Northwestern | 192 | Dogs from endemic regions of borreliosis | 1.0 | PCR | (174) |
| 100 | Healthy dogs from a shelter | 4.0 | PCR | ||
| 92 | Dogs suspected to have Lyme disease | 14.0 | PCR | (175) | |
| 50 | Dogs diagnosed with babesiosis | 0.0 | |||
| 79 | Apparently healthy sled dogs | 1.3 | |||
| Czech Republic | 296 | Healthy dos and dogs suspected to have TBD | 3.4 26.0 |
PCR IFA |
(176) |
| Italy | |||||
| Stretto di Messina | 249 | Outdoor-kennel dogs Not stated | 38.0 | IFA | (177) |
| 5,881 | 32.8 | IFA | |||
| Central Italy | 1,965 | Urban and rural dogs without signs of TBD | 4.7 | IFA | (178) |
| 1,232 | Not stated | 8.8 | IFA | (179) | |
| 215 | Hunting dogs | 14.8 0.9 |
IFA PCR |
(180) | |
| 1,026 | Owned dogs | 3.3 | IFA | (181) | |
| Sicily | 344 | Pet, pound and hunting dogs | 0.0 | PCR | (182) |
| 87 | Not stated | 44.8 0.0 |
IFA PCR |
(183) | |
| 372 | Not stated | 4.8 | PCR | (184) | |
| Southern | 165 | Dogs with febrile illness and healthy controls | 37.8 0.0 |
IFA PCR |
(185) |
| Northeastern | 488 | Privately-owned canine blood donors and free-roaming dogs | 3.3 0.0 |
IFA PCR |
(186) |
| Sardinia | 50 | Dogs suspected of tick bite–related fever | 6.0 | PCR | (187) |
| Portugal | 1,185 | Healthy dogs and dogs suspected to have VBD | 4.5 | ELISA | (188) |
| 55 | Dogs suspected to have TBD | 54.5 0.0 |
IFA PCR |
(189) | |
| 55 | Dogs suspected to have TBD | 55.0 | IFA | (190) | |
| 100 | Apparently healthy military dogs | 16.0 | IFA | (191) | |
| France | 919 | Not stated | 2.7 | ELISA | (192) |
| Spain | 466 | Sick and healthy dogs | 11.5 | IFA | (11) |
| Nothwestern | 1,100 | Dogs presented to veterinary clinics | 3.1 | ELISA | (193) |
| 479 | 5.0 | IFA | (194) | ||
| Northern | 556 | Healthy dogs and dogs with signs compatible with VBDs | 1.26 | ELISA | (195) |
| Central | 131 | Shelter dogs | 19.0 | ELISA | (196) |
| Turkey | 757 | Stray, shelter and pet dogs | 0.5 | PCR | (197) |
| Thrace region | 400 | Healthy shelter dogs | 6.0 | PCR | (198) |
| Croatia | 1,080 | Apparently healthy dogs | 0.3 | PCR | (199) |
| 435 | Apparently healthy owned and shelter dogs | 6.21 | ELISA | (200) | |
| Greece | 200 | Owned and shelter dogs | 1.0 0.5 |
ELISA PCR |
(201) |
| ASIA | |||||
| Japan | 154 | Sick and healthy dogs | 0.0 | PCR | (202) |
| 332 | Dogs presented at 6 private veterinary clinics in Ibaraki Prefecture | 2.1 0.3 |
IFA PCR |
(203) | |
| China | 600 | Companion, working and shelter dogs | 0.5 | ELISA | (204) |
| 234 | Stray and pet dogs | 13.2 | PCR | (205) | |
| 219 | Dogs from rural areas | 10.0 10.9 |
IFA PCR |
(107) | |
| 26 | Dogs from rural areas | 7.7 50 |
ELISA IFA |
(206) | |
| 562 | Dogs presented for reasons unrelated to suspicion of VBD | 2.7 | ELISA | (207) | |
| 637 | Apparently healthy indoor and breeding dogs | 1.4 | ELISA | (208) | |
| 201 | Apparently healthy stray dogs | 11.9 | PCR | (209) | |
| Korea | 1,058 | Shelter dogs | 0.1 | PCR | (210) |
| 532 | Outdoor dogs | 15.6 2.3 |
ELISA PCR |
(211) | |
| 418 | Shelter dogs | 1.2 | ELISA | (212) | |
| 229 | Urban shelter dogs and rural hunting dogs | 18.8 | ELISA | (213) | |
| 245 | Blood samples from military dogs | 4.4 0.0 |
IFA PCR |
(214) | |
| Malaysia | 48 | Stray dogs | 9.3 4.3 |
ELISA PCR |
(215) |
| India | 191 | Pets, stray and working dogs | 4.7 | ELISA | (216) |
| 230 | stray dogs in Tamil Nadu | 0.4 | PCR | (217) | |
| Israel | 195 | Healthy pet dogs, stray and shelter dogs | 9.0 | IFA | (218) |
| Jordan | 38 | Stray dogs | 39.5 | PCR | (219) |
| 161 | Stray, police, or breeding with tick infestation | 9.9 | ELISA | (220) | |
| Taiwan | 175 | Asymptomatic dogs | 21.1 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(221) |
| Iran | 103 | Apparently healthy rural dogs | 57.3 | PCR | (222) |
| 150 | Owned and stray dogs from Tehran | 2.0 | PCR | (223) | |
| AFRICA | |||||
| Tunisia | 286 | Healthy and sick pet, kenneled dogs | 25.2 0.9 |
IFA PCR |
(224) |
| Algeria | |||||
| Algiers | 150 | Owned dogs admitted for surgery or vaccination | 47.7 | IFA | (225) |
| 63 | Stray dogs from a shelter | 0.0 | PCR | ||
| Morocco | 217 | Owned urban, rural and military healthy dogs or displaying signs of VBD | 16.6 | ELISA | (226) |
| Northwestern | 425 | Owned urban, rural and military healthy dogs or displaying signs of TBD | 21.9 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(227) |
| Nigeria | 245 | Healthy and sick dogs | 0.8 | PCR | (228) |
| South Africa | 141 | Apparently healthy owned and free roaming dogs | 2.1 | PCR | (229) |
| 56 | Apparently healthy domestic dogs | 0.3 | PCR | (230) | |
| Ghana | 17 | Client-owned dogs presented for a variety of complaints or for vaccination | 11.8 0.0 |
ELISA PCR |
(231) |
| Cape Verde | |||||
| Priai | 57 | 1.8 | PCR | (232) | |
| Mayo Island | 153 | Apparently healthy dogs | 0.0 | PCR | (233) |
TBD, tick-borne disease; VBD, vector-borne disease; IFA, immunofluorescence assay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; PCR, polymerase chain reaction, WB, western blot; ICG, immunochromatography.