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. 2021 Jul 6;11:13911. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92670-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in the present study: high-definition (top row), simulated conventional (middle row), and active sham (bottom row). Ring electrode positions (red = anodal electrode; blue = cathodal electrode) according to the EEG 10/20 system (A, D, G). For the conventional montage, ring electrodes were used to simulate the rectangular electrodes (D). Computational modeling of the finite element model of the total (B, E, and H) and radial (C, F, and I) electric fields induced by high-definition and active sham tDCS. All figures are displayed with a field intensity of 0.30 V/m (directionless. blue = zero electric fields; red = peak magnitude). Radial electric field (C, F, and I) considers the direction of current (blue = peak outward current; green = zero normal current; red = peak inward current). Note: panels B, C, E, F, H, and I was generated by the HD-Explore software (Version 2.3, Soterix Medical, New York, NY; https://soterixmedical.com/research/software/hd-explore).