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. 2021 Jul 6;11:13952. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93340-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) An example of a pT2 case. The tumor showed definite protrusion beyond the prostate proper at the level of thick vasculature. However, fat pads were not apparently involved. In this case, we suggest a T2 classification. Although such cases are often encountered, they should not be dealt with as T3 cases. (B) The presence of tumor cells in anterior muscle bundles without neurovascular bundles causes controversy in the evaluation of EPE. Most accepted guidelines define EPEs as extending beyond the contour of the proper tissue. (C) EPE showed extensively broad-based sessile extensions of tumor beyond the capsule and fat pad.