Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics according to eGFR LS defined by using GBTM.
| Variables | Total (N = 7135) | eGFR LS-1 or 2 (n = 876) |
eGFR LS-3A (n = 1153) |
eGFR LS-3B (n = 1308) |
eGFR LS-4 (n = 1477) |
eGFR LS-5 (n = 2321) |
P value† | P for trend‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at entry (year), median (IQR) | 67.5 (57.1, 76.3) | 56.1 (46.7, 65.7) | 66.5 (57.5, 75.6) | 71.2 (61.9, 78.2) | 71.6 (62.0, 78.8) | 67.1 (57.1, 75.7) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 3034 (42.5) | 410 (46.8) | 322 (27.9) | 453 (34.6) | 622 (42.1) | 1227 (52.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 24.3 (22.1, 27.1) | 25.1 (22.5, 28.2) | 24.8 (22.8, 27.3) | 24.7 (22.3, 27.1) | 24.3 (22.2, 27.0) | 23.8 (21.5, 26.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Initial CKD stage, n (%) | ||||||||
| 1 | 297 (4.2) | 277 (31.7) | 14 (1.2) | 5 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 | – |
| 2 | 532 (7.5) | 334 (38.2) | 154 (13.4) | 25 (1.9) | 18 (1.2) | 1 (0.0) | ||
| 3 | 3129 (43.9) | 245 (28.0) | 945 (82.0) | 1139 (87.2) | 705 (47.8) | 95 (4.1) | ||
| 4 | 1840 (25.8) | 17 (1.9) | 36 (3.1) | 128 (9.8) | 717 (48.6) | 942 (40.7) | ||
| 5 | 1325 (18.6) | 2 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 10 (0.8) | 34 (2.3) | 1275 (55.1) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 5911 (82.9) | 703 (80.3) | 930 (80.7) | 1057 (80.8) | 1235 (83.6) | 1986 (85.6) | < 0.001 | – |
| Former | 537 (7.5) | 63 (7.2) | 110 (9.5) | 121 (9.3) | 112 (7.6) | 131 (5.6) | ||
| Current | 687 (9.6) | 110 (12.6) | 113 (9.8) | 130 (9.9) | 130 (8.8) | 204 (8.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 6519 (91.4) | 805 (91.9) | 1028 (89.2) | 1169 (89.4) | 1354 (91.7) | 2163 (93.2) | < 0.001 | – |
| Former | 366 (5.1) | 32 (3.7) | 70 (6.1) | 80 (6.1) | 78 (5.3) | 106 (4.6) | ||
| Current | 250 (3.5) | 39 (4.5) | 55 (4.8) | 59 (4.5) | 45 (3.1) | 52 (2.2) | ||
| Education level (year), n (%) | ||||||||
| < 9 | 1832 (25.7) | 172 (19.6) | 233 (20.2) | 296 (22.6) | 433 (29.3) | 698 (30.1) | < 0.001 | – |
| 9 ≤ ~ < 12 | 2778 (38.9) | 263 (30.0) | 434 (37.6) | 519 (39.7) | 613 (41.5) | 949 (40.9) | ||
| 12 ≤ ~ < 16 | 1669 (23.4) | 264 (30.1) | 308 (26.7) | 308 (23.6) | 279 (18.9) | 510 (22.0) | ||
| 16+ | 856 (12.0) | 177 (20.2) | 178 (15.4) | 185 (14.1) | 152 (10.3) | 164 (7.1) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | 2623 (36.8) | 308 (35.2) | 312 (27.1) | 446 (34.2) | 607 (41.1) | 950 (41.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 4612 (64.7) | 496 (56.6) | 721 (62.6) | 837 (64.1) | 1019 (69.0) | 1539 (66.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 2675 (37.5) | 189 (21.6) | 431 (37.4) | 592 (45.3) | 624 (42.3) | 839 (36.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Baseline medication profiles, n (%) | ||||||||
| Pentoxifylline | 1750 (25.1) | 142 (16.8) | 211 (18.9) | 352 (27.5) | 451 (31.1) | 594 (26.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| NSAIDs | 1828 (26.2) | 229 (27.1) | 320 (28.6) | 381 (29.7) | 403 (27.8) | 495 (21.8) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Contrast media | 648 (9.3) | 52 (6.2) | 119 (10.6) | 128 (10.0) | 167 (11.5) | 182 (8.0) | < 0.001 | 0.750 |
| Anti-platelet | 2418 (34.7) | 191 (22.6) | 386 (34.5) | 497 (38.8) | 595 (41.0) | 749 (32.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin | 1956 (28.1) | 159 (18.8) | 326 (29.2) | 423 (33.0) | 467 (32.2) | 581 (25.5) | < 0.001 | 0.094 |
| Dipyridamole | 458 (6.6) | 34 (4.0) | 59 (5.3) | 75 (5.9) | 131 (9.0) | 159 (7.0) | < 0.001 | 0.0001 |
| Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel | 2126 (30.5) | 166 (19.7) | 346 (31.0) | 460 (35.9) | 516 (35.5) | 638 (28.0) | < 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Urate-lowering agents | 1835 (26.3) | 121 (14.3) | 299 (26.7) | 403 (31.4) | 434 (29.9) | 578 (25.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Allopurinol | 800 (11.5) | 42 (5.0) | 97 (8.7) | 147 (11.5) | 217 (14.9) | 297 (13.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Febuxostat | 152 (2.2) | 9 (1.1) | 14 (1.3) | 34 (2.7) | 30 (2.1) | 65 (2.9) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Benzbromarone | 787 (11.3) | 63 (7.5) | 165 (14.8) | 209 (16.3) | 170 (11.7) | 180 (7.9) | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Colchicine | 825 (11.8) | 52 (6.2) | 125 (11.2) | 176 (13.7) | 194 (13.4) | 278 (12.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Sulfinpyrazone | 77 (1.1) | 6 (0.7) | 17 (1.5) | 15 (1.2) | 15 (1.0) | 24 (1.1) | 0.535 | 0.914 |
| Anti-hypertension agents | 5682 (81.5) | 667 (79.0) | 870 (77.8) | 1014 (79.1) | 1230 (84.7) | 1901 (83.5) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ACEI | 1454 (20.9) | 170 (20.1) | 203 (18.2) | 231 (18.0) | 334 (23.0) | 516 (22.7) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| ARBs | 3068 (44.0) | 345 (40.9) | 475 (42.5) | 567 (44.2) | 711 (49.0) | 970 (42.6) | < 0.001 | 0.174 |
| Trichlormethiazide | 688 (9.9) | 69 (8.2) | 81 (7.3) | 125 (9.8) | 164 (11.3) | 249 (10.9) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Furosemide, Spironolactone, Amizide, Indapamide | 2954 (42.4) | 251 (29.7) | 298 (26.7) | 478 (37.3) | 708 (48.8) | 1219 (53.6) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| α blocker | 1475 (21.2) | 89 (10.6) | 205 (18.3) | 271 (21.1) | 331 (22.8) | 579 (25.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| β blocker | 2593 (37.2) | 235 (27.8) | 423 (37.8) | 477 (37.2) | 565 (38.9) | 893 (39.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| CCB | 3365 (48.3) | 291 (34.5) | 456 (40.8) | 548 (42.8) | 743 (51.2) | 1327 (58.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Tolvaptan | 1 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.281 | 0.296 |
| Anti-diaetes agents | 2728 (39.1) | 312 (37.0) | 315 (28.2) | 458 (35.7) | 633 (43.6) | 1010 (44.4) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| OAD | 2189 (31.4) | 293 (34.7) | 286 (25.6) | 393 (30.7) | 516 (35.5) | 701 (30.8) | < 0.001 | 0.438 |
| Insulin | 1315 (18.9) | 78 (9.2) | 86 (7.7) | 196 (15.3) | 339 (23.4) | 616 (27.1) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Baseline biochemical profiles, median (IQR) | ||||||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 32.6 (17.5, 50.0) | 81.2 (61.8, 98.4) | 53.6 (46.4, 58.9) | 40.5 (34.6, 46.3) | 28.6 (23.4, 34.5) | 12.9 (8.9, 18.3) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.87 (1.36, 3.10) | 0.91 (0.72, 1.20) | 1.32 (1.16, 1.50) | 1.58 (1.39, 1.82) | 2.03 (1.70, 2.41) | 3.95 (2.95, 5.44) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 29.0 (19.0, 46.0) | 14.0 (11.0, 19.0) | 19.0 (15.0, 23.0) | 23.0 (18.0, 28.0) | 31.0 (24.0, 39.0) | 51.0 (38.0, 66.0) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.30 (6.10, 8.60) | 6.30 (5.20, 7.40) | 7.00 (5.70, 8.10) | 7.30 (6.10, 8.50) | 7.50 (6.40, 8.80) | 7.60 (6.40, 8.90) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (136, 140) | 138 (135, 140) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.20 (3.80, 4.60) | 4.00 (3.70, 4.30) | 4.10 (3.80, 4.40) | 4.20 (3.80, 4.60) | 4.30 (3.90, 4.70) | 4.40 (3.90, 4.90) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL)) | 8.90 (8.50, 9.20) | 9.00 (8.50, 9.30) | 9.10 (8.70, 9.40) | 9.10 (8.80, 9.40) | 9.00 (8.60, 9.30) | 8.70 (8.30, 9.00) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Phosphate (mg/dL) | 4.00 (3.50, 4.60) | 3.80 (3.40, 4.30) | 3.60 (3.20, 4.10) | 3.70 (3.30, 4.20) | 3.85 (3.40, 4.30) | 4.40 (3.90, 5.20) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Serum Albumin (g/dL) | 3.90 (3.50, 4.30) | 4.10 (3.60, 4.40) | 4.10 (3.90, 4.40) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.40) | 3.90 (3.50, 4.20) | 3.70 (3.20, 4.00) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.2 (9.6, 13.0) | 13.3 (12.1, 14.5) | 13.1 (11.7, 14.5) | 12.4 (10.8, 13.8) | 11.2 (10.0, 12.5) | 9.7 (8.7, 10.9) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| T-CHO (mg/dL) | 181 (155, 212) | 187 (161, 225) | 183 (159, 210) | 178 (154, 206) | 178 (151, 210) | 182 (152, 215) | < 0.001 | 0.011 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 130 (90, 192) | 139 (95, 202) | 128 (89, 191) | 128 (88, 184) | 136 (89, 194) | 128 (90, 193) | 0.161 | 0.575 |
| Urine creatinine (mg/dL) | 84.5 (55.1, 125.9) | 105 (61, 160) | 111 (69, 157) | 98 (62, 139) | 86 (56, 122) | 67 (48, 92) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Urine PCR (mg/g) | 749 (202, 2172) | 325 (147, 1000) | 165 (86, 435) | 272 (124, 791) | 687 (253, 1891) | 2013 (1021, 4199) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Urine ACR (mg/g) | 277 (53, 1636) | 118 (47, 510) | 61 (12, 290) | 134 (31, 677) | 405 (79, 1755) | 1982 (630, 4150) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ACEIs angiotensin-converting-enzyme in inhibitors, ACR albumin/creatinine ratio, ARBs angiotensin receptor blockers, BMI body mass index, CCB calcium channel blocker, CKD chronic kidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GBTM group-based trajectory modelling, IQR inter-quartile range, NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs OAD oral antidiabetic, PCR protein/creatinine ratio, T-CHO total cholesterol, TG triglyceride.
†p values are calculated by Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.
‡p values for trend are calculated by Spearman's correlation for continuous variables and by Cochran-Armitage trend test for binary variables.