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. 2021 Jul 6;12:4159. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24437-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Regional distribution of the solar capacities (a), hydro capacities (b), power demand (c), and residual energy demand (d) in 2037. The maps are scaled to the respective maximum regional quantity. The residual energy demand is calculated by subtracting the annual energy production of solar PV, onshore wind, and hydro from the annual power demand and is indicative of the regional discrepancies between supply and demand. The transmission capacities that are added between 2020 and 2037 are also plotted on subfigure in (d).