Table 2.
Causes | Vascular | Metabolic | Infectious | Immune-mediated | Drug-induced | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disorders | Ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke | Hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia (non-ketotic) | Viral encephalitis | Rheumatologic diseases (SLE, APS, SS) | Neuroleptics Levodopa, dopamine agonists |
Pregnancy Polycythemia vera |
Vascular malformation | Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia) | Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (SC) | Autoimmune neurologic syndromes/ paraneoplastic syndromes |
Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid) | Tumors Carbon monoxide intoxication |
|
Hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism/ hyperparathyroidism |
Parasitic (toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis) | Demyelinating disease | Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamines) | Psychogenic chorea | ||
Acquired hepatolenticular degeneration | Cryptococcal granuloma Mycoplasma Tuberculoma Neurosyphilis |
Lithium Oral contraceptives, estrogen replacement therapy Steroids |
||||
HIV encephalitis Prion diseases |
Methotrexate, cyclosporine Fluoroquinolones |
SC, Sydenham's chorea; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; APS, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; SS, Sjögren syndrome.