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. 2021 Jun 23;15:690761. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.690761

Table 2.

Causes of acute/subacute-onset choreiform movement.

Causes Vascular Metabolic Infectious Immune-mediated Drug-induced Others
Disorders Ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke Hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia (non-ketotic) Viral encephalitis Rheumatologic diseases (SLE, APS, SS) Neuroleptics
Levodopa, dopamine agonists
Pregnancy
Polycythemia vera
Vascular malformation Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatremia/hypernatremia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia) Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (SC) Autoimmune neurologic syndromes/
paraneoplastic syndromes
Antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid) Tumors
Carbon monoxide intoxication
Hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism/
hyperparathyroidism
Parasitic (toxoplasmosis, cysticercosis) Demyelinating disease Psychostimulants (cocaine, amphetamines) Psychogenic chorea
Acquired hepatolenticular degeneration Cryptococcal granuloma
Mycoplasma
Tuberculoma
Neurosyphilis
Lithium
Oral contraceptives, estrogen replacement therapy
Steroids
HIV encephalitis
Prion diseases
Methotrexate, cyclosporine
Fluoroquinolones

SC, Sydenham's chorea; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; APS, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome; SS, Sjögren syndrome.