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. 2021 Jun 23;12:678744. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678744

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Schematic representation of T lymphocytes homeostasis disorder regulating BBB integrity in ischemic stroke. DAMP and chemokines are released from the ischemic brain via impaired BBB. Acute infarction in the brain can induce microbiota dysbiosis in the gut. Microbiota dysbiosis abolishes the ability of Dendritic cells (DC) to drive the Treg differentiation and promotes the power of DC to induce γδT cell differentiation. The disturbed balance between pro-inflammatory subsets and anti-inflammatory subsets contributes to BBB disruption during ischemic stroke. Th1 and Th17 may degrade TJs and destroy BBB integrity through secreting IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-21 in the acute phase. CD8+T cells potentiate the ischemic stroke progression by two main methods: one is granzyme-b and FasL induced cytotoxicity through FasL-PDPK1 pathway and the other is TNF-α and IFN-γ. Treg suppresses the overactivation of resident microglia, infiltrated T cells, and neutrophils, and decrease pro-inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β) levels mainly through the action of IL-10 and TGF-β.