Table 4.
Preclinical attempts to target T lymphocytes for treating AIS.
| Mechanism | Drug | Molecular targets | Outcomes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infiltration inhibition | Anti-VLA-4 antibody | CD49d | Reduced infarct size and neurological deficit | (271) |
| FTY720/Fingolimod | S1P R | Reduced hemorrhagic transformation | (272, 273) | |
| Immune homeostasis regulation | JPI-289 | PARP-1 | Reduced BBB leakage, infarct size, and neurological deficit | (274) |
| PJ34 | (275) | |||
| FR247304 | Reduced infarct size, neurological deficit | (276) | ||
| MP-124 | (277) | |||
| IL-33 | ST2R | (278–280) | ||
| vitamin D 3 | vitamin D receptor | (281) | ||
| atorvastatin | HMG-CoA reductase | (282) | ||
| resveratrol | PPARγ | (283) | ||
| Gut microbiota modulation | resveratrol | Microbiota formation | Reduced BBB leakage, infarct size, neurological deficit | (284) |
| fecal microbiota transplantation | (225, 285) | |||
| NaB | HDAC | (227) | ||
| VPA | (228) | |||
VLA-4, very late antigen-4; CD49d, cluster of differentiation 49d; S1P R, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor; BBB, blood brain barrier; PARP-1, Poly (ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerase-1; IL-33, interleukin-33; ST2R, simultaneous translation on 2 rods; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; NaB, Sodium butyrate; HDAC, histone deacetylase; VPA, valproic acid.