Table 2.
A summary of various composite nanosystems of sorafenib with other agents.
| Drug-loaded | Structure | Therapies | Observations | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sorafenib/Doxorubicin | Nanoparticle constructed from PEG-b-CD amphiphiles. | Chemotherapy/Chemotherapy | In vitro studies showed that the nanoparticles had stronger inhibitory effect against HepG2 cells as compared to the physical mixtures of two drugs group. | [96] |
| Sorafenib/Doxorubicin | Nanoparticle using PVA as the nano-core and HSA as the nano-shell. | Chemotherapy/Chemotherapy | This core-shell nanoparticle showed enhanced cellular uptake and synergistic cytotoxicity in ∼92% of HCC cells. | [97] |
| Sorafenib/Paclitaxel | HA functionalized liposomes with TPGS and PLL-DA co-modifications. | Chemotherapy/Chemotherapy | The liposome demonstrated an enhanced antitumor effect in vivo, with a tumor growth inhibition rate of 78.52%. | [101] |
| Sorafenib/Cisplatin | Nanoparticles constructed by crosslinking HA with cisplatin. | Chemotherapy/Chemotherapy | The nanoparticles displayed synergistic tumor-killing effects after prolonged circulation time valid tumor accumulation | [103] |
| Sorafneib/Ursolic acid | A chitosan and lactobionic acid co-modified MSN | Chemotherapy/Chemotherapy | In vivo studies showed significant tumor burden decrease and lung metastasis inhibition of the nanoparticle in H22 tumor-bearing mice model. | [33] |
| Sorafenib/IMD-0354 | Lipid-based twin-like core–shell nanoparticles. | Chemotherapy/ Immunotherapy | In vivo studies showed the superior synergistic antitumor efficacy and M2-type TAM polarization ability of twin-like core–shell nanoparticles as compared to free sorafenib. | [116] |
| Sorafenib/CA IX-C4.16 | Nanoparticles which comprised of vitamin-E-α-D-tocopherol and styrene maleic anhydride. | Chemotherapy/ Immunotherapy | Significant tumor accumulation and higher tumor growth inhibition of the nanoparticles were observed in mice models. | [117] |
| Sorafenib/AMD3100 | CXCR4 antagonist (AMD3100)-modified lipid-PLGA nanoparticles. | Chemotherapy/ Immunotherapy | It displayed enhanced antiangiogenic effect and delayed tumor progression in the HCC models as compared to control groups. | [31] |
| Sorafenib/AMD3100/anti-PD-1 antibody | AMD3100-modified nanosystems which loading with sorafenib and anti-PD1 antibody. | Chemotherapy/ Immunotherapy | This nanosystem effectively blocked the pathways of CXCR4 and PD-1, which prevented suppression of immune cells function in tumors. | [110] |
| Sorafenib/Indocyanine | A Pluronic F127-shielding carrier-free nanodrug. | Chemotherapy/ PDT | The nanoparticles had improved stability and bioavailability and could specifically target tumor tissues via the EPR effect in vivo. | [123] |
| Sorafenib/Dihydroartemisinin | A low density lipoprotein receptor -functionalized lipid nanoparticle. | Chemotherapy/ PDT | Strong antitumor response and inhibited tumor growth were observed in lipid nanoparticle-treated xenograft tumor models. | [144] |
| Sorafenib/Chlorin e6 | A carrier-free multifunctional nanoparticle. | Chemotherapy/ PDT | This nanoparticle could effectively cut off the tumor blood vessels and kill cancer cells simultaneously at a rather low dosage (200 µg/kg) in vivo. | [124] |
| Sorafenib/IR780 iodide | A GPC3 targeting peptide-modified liposome. | Chemotherapy/ PDT | This liposomal nanosystem showed imaging ability and synergistic precise antitumor effect in vivo with marked tumor suppression. | [130] |
| Sorafenib/siRNA | PEI-modified liposomes. | Chemotherapy/ Gene therapy | Intravenous injection of this liposomal formulation effectively inhibited tumor growth and also increased the survival rates of animals. | [134] |
| Sorafenib/Retinoic acid/miRNA | PEGylated solid lipid nanoparticles were further modified with miRNA. | Chemotherapy/ Chemotherapy /Gene therapy | The solid lipid nanoparticles induced significantly enhanced apoptotic effect in gastric cancer cells. In vivo studies clearly showed improved antitumor efficacy of the nanoparticles. | [136] |
| Sorafenib/PEDF gene | PEG-PLGA based nanoparticles | Chemotherapy /Gene therapy | This drug-loading nanoparticle displayed the most effective tumor growth inhibition in the C26 cells and C26-bearing mice as compared to other control groups. | [139] |