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. 2021 Jun 23;12:665645. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.665645

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Copyright © 2021 Liao, Liu, Wang, Sui and Zhang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The pathogenesis of IUA. The left part showed the crosstalk of TGF-β, Wnt, NF-κB, Hippo, and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways, which was relevant to endometrial fibrosis. The right part revealed the process of EMT and endothelial to mesenchymal transition that was involved in fibrogenesis. DKK-1, Dickkopf-1; ECM, Extracellular matrix; GFs, Growth factors; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; EECs, Endometrial epithelial cells; ESCs, Endometrial stromal cells; EMT, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition.