Table 2.

Alginate fibre composite prepared via electrospinning technique.

Additive material	Additive material content (wt%)	Composite preparation	Composite characterisation	Ref.
Essential oil	0.5–1.5	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/8% PVA blend at 20/80 and 30/70 ratio Filler is varied according to 3 different type of essential oil: clove, cinnamon, and lavender Sodium alginate/PVA/filler electrospun toward cotton gauze at varied voltage (15, 20, 25 kV), distance to target (10, 15, 20 cm), and flowrate (0.2, 0.25, 0.3 ml/h)	Uniform fibres obtained in viscosity range 1120 – 1280 cP. Essential oil addition increase viscosity but reduce surface tension and conductivity of spinning solution Uniform and bead free fibre obtained at 20/80 sodium alginate/PVA blend with 1.5% clove oil at electrospinning parameter of 20 kV voltage, 15 cm distance, and 0.2 ml/h flowrate	[52]
ZnO NPs	0.5–5	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/16% PVA blend at 1/3, 1/1, and 3/1 ratio Sodium alginate/PVA/ZnO electrospun toward aluminium target at 17 kV voltage, 5 cm distance to target, and 0.1 ml/h flow rate	Average fibre diameter of 220 – 360 nm.	[53]
Chitosan	70:30 filler/ PEO	Carrier: PEO 2.4% sodium alginate/1.6% PEO blend at 1/1 Sodium alginate/PEO and chitosan/PEO coaxially electrospun toward aluminium target at varied voltage (22 to 30 kV), distance to target (7 to 15 cm) and flowrate (0.4 to 0.5 ml/h)	Average fibre diameter of 154 nm. Mixture of polyanionic alginate and polycationic chitosan form a spontaneous ionic complex leading to core/shell nanofiber composite, where alginate as core and chitosan as shell Composite maintain its integrity after 24 h immersion in water	[54]
Organic rectorite	1	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/10% PVA blend at 10/90, 20/80, 40/60, 60/40 ratio Sodium alginate/PVA/rectorite electrospun toward aluminium target at 17 kV voltage, 5 cm distance to target, and 0.1 ml/h flow rate	Organic rectorite promote bacterial inhibition ability against E. coli and S. aureus	[55]
Soy protein isolate (SPI), vancomycin drug	10–50	Carrier:PEO 3% sodium alginate/3% PVA blend at 7/3, 6.3/2.7, 5.6/2.4, 4.9/2.1, 4.2/1.8, 3.5/1.5 ratio Sodium alginate/PEO/SPI with and without vancomycin drug electrospun toward aluminium target at 15 kV voltage, 15 cm distance to target, and 0.5 ml/h flowrate	Uniform fibre with average diameter of 200 nm obtained at 5.6/2.4 sodium alginate/PEO blend with 20% filler and further loaded with vancomycin drug Upon immersion in water, drug release was found to be 4% at 4 h, 69% at 16 h and 85% after 30 h	[56]
Glutamine	35 mg/ml	Carrier: polyethylene oxide (PEO) 2% sodium alginate/6% PEO blend at 30/70 Sodium alginate/PEO/glutamine electrospun toward aluminium target at varied voltage (10 – 16 kV), distance to target (10 cm and 15 cm), and flowrate (0.1 – 1.0 ml/h)	Average fibre diameter of 160 nm. Work of mucoadhesion, tensile strength and elongation at break values of the glutamine loaded nanofibers were found to be 0.165 mJ/cm2, 2.61 MPa and 6.62% respectively. 85% of drug diffused from nanofiber at the end of 4 h, shows potential as an oromucosal drug delivery system	[57]
Gatifloxacin	1	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/10% PVA blend at 3/7, 2/8, 1/9 ratio Sodium alginate/PVA/gatifloxacin electrospun toward aluminium target at 20 kV voltage, 10 cm distance to target, and 0.1 ml/h flow rate	Uniform fibre obtained at 3/7 NaAlg/PEO blend with 1% filler Upon immersion in saline solution, drug release was found to be 10% at 1 h, 44% at 3 h and 93% after 8 h	[58]
Pullulan	10	Carrier: not used Sodium alginate concentration: 0.8%, 1.6%, 2.4% Sodium alginate/pullulan blend electrospun using free surface electrospinning machine at 30 kV with 300 mm length electrode positioned 180 mm above ground electrode	Continuous and bead free fibre with diameter 57 – 87 nm obtained at sodium alginate concentration between 0.8% to 1.6%	[59]
Ciproflaxin	0.02–0.48	Carrier: PEO Surfactant added: Triton X-100 or Pluronic F-127 2%−5% sodium alginate/1.5%−2.0% PEO blend at 1/1 ratio Sodium alginate/PEO/ciproflaxin electrospun toward aluminium target at varied voltage (6 – 10 kV), distance to target (15 – 10 cm) and flowrate (0.1 – 1.0 ml/h)	Uniform fibre with diameter 119 – 161 nm obtained only when surfactant is added Upon immersion in saline solution, drug release was found to be 24% in the first 20 h	[60]
Nano hydroxyl apatite (nHAP)	1.67–10.02 mg/ml	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/14% PVA blend at 1/2 ratio Sodium alginate/PVA/nHAP electrospun toward aluminium target at 11 kV voltage, 17 cm distance to target, and 0.32 ml/h flowrate	Addition of 1.64 wt% nHAP enhanced fibre tensile strength enhanced about 45%	[61]
Poly-caprolactone (PCL)	10	Carrier: not used Sodium alginate concentration: 1%, 3%, 5% Sodium alginate/PCL dissolved in 20/80 methylene chloride/dimethyl formamide solution Electrospun at 1 kV voltage and 0.5 ml/h flowrate toward PCL strut that is immersed in ethanol	Compared to pure PCL scaffold, scaffold that embed alginate/PCL fibre showed significantly enhanced hydrophilic behaviour, water absorption (∼8 fold) and significantly biological activities (∼1.6 fold for cell viability at 7 d ∼2.3 fold for osteogenic differentiation activity at 14 d, and 6.4 fold for calcium mineralisation at 14 d)	[62]
Methycrylated gelatin (GelMA)	20–50	Carrier: PEO Surfactant added: Pluronic F-127 20% – 50% (w/v) GelMA added to different sodium alginate/PEO ratio 0.1% photoinitiator is added to solution mixture in order to chemically crosslink GelMA upon 365 nm UV exposure on resulting composite fibre Sodium alginate/PEO/GelMA electrospun toward either aluminium target or ethanol bath at 7 kV voltage, 7 cm distance to target, and 0.1 ml/h flowrate		[63]
Chitosan, silver NP	1% silver NP in chitosan solution	Carrier: PEO Surfactant added: Triton X-100 3% sodium alginate/3% PEO blend at 50/50 ratio Sodium alginate/PEO electrospun toward aluminium target at 17 kV voltage, 17 cm distance to target, and 0.8 ml/h flow rate Electrospun fibre immersed in chitosan/silver nanoparticle solution at varied duration (5, 10, 15 min)	Silver nanoparticles impregnated into electrospun alginate nanofibres by complexion with chitosan Swelling of fibrous electrospun mat decrease from ∼276% to ∼150% with increasing immersion time in chitosan/silver nanoparticle solution	[64]
MgO NP	10	Carrier: PVA 2% sodium alginate/10% MgO added to 10% PVA at 3/2 ratio Sodium alginate/PVA/MgO electrospun toward aluminium target at varied voltage (26 – 28 kV) and flowrate (8 – 10 µl/min) with distance to target of 10 cm	Bead free fibre with diameter between 60 – 250 nm Enhanced mechanical (E = 0.17 GPa, ▲240%; σ = 4.33 MPa, ▲179%; ε = 6.73%, ▼26%) and improved thermal stability.	[65]