Table 5.

Utilization of alginate for tissue engineering of various tissues/organs.

Organ/cells	Function	Ref.
MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells	Increase MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells survivability in alginate beads	[161]
Femur in rabbits	Repair osteochondral defect in patella groove of the distal femur in rabbits (4.5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) using ultrapurified alginate gel carrying stromal cell-derived factor-1	[162]
Chondrocytes	Promotes both chondrocyte proliferation and maintenance of the chondrogenic phenotype in three dimensional alginate sulfate hydrogels	[163]
Liver	Proliferation of encapsulated HepG2/C3A liver cells for in vivo implantation	[164]
Liver	Generation of multilayered 3D structures of HepG2 liver cells using a bio-printed 3D alginate	[165]
Cornea	Propagating corneal epithelial cells for limbal epithelial therapeutic	[166]
Vascular	Propagation of human fat-derived stromal vascular fraction cells in 3D alginate spheroids. The 3D alginate spheroid was formed by direct-write three-dimensional printing system in which 1.5% (w/v) alginate solutions was mixed with human fat-derived stromal vascular fraction cells	[167]
Heart	Improved left ventricular function of rats suffered from myocardial infarct after injection of alginate hydrogel with a unique microstructure of uniform capillary-like channels	[168]
Testis	Improved seminiferous tubule integrity and spermatogonial recovery when grafted with alginate encapsulated immature testicular tissue	[169]
Vascular of adipose tissue	Promotes revascularization of mice adipose tissue when implanted with VEGF-calcium alginate microspheres loaded with adipocytes	[170]