Figure 8.

DIO increases the secretion of leptin and systemic cytokines into the serum. HFD induction modulates inflammatory cytokines. (A) HFD induces systemic IL-6, MCP-1, IL-1β, TNF-α, RANTES, and leptin at the experimental endpoint after 16 weeks from the groups of mice analyzed by ELISA assay. (B) in vitro effect of CD8⁺ T cells and adipocyte on differentiation of circulating CD11b^+high monocytes. HFD and ND induced CD8⁺ T cells and adipocytes were isolated and purified from epididymal AT. We co-cultured CD8⁺ T cells and adipocytes with circulating monocyte with various combinations. The differentiated macrophage numbers are shown. (C, D) Concentrations of CXCL10 and MCP-1 in the culture supernatant are shown. The cumulative data represent the concentration of inflammatory cytokine and chemokines ± SEM from three independent experiments. ^*p < 0.01, unpaired student’s t-test indicates statistically significant differences in cytokine levels and the number of macrophages between ND and HFD groups.