Table 1. Characteristics of Study Participants by Insurance Deductible Level.
| Characteristic | Participantsa | P valuec | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 11 872)b | Deductible level | ||||
| Low (n = 6841) | Medium (n = 1875) | High (n = 2454) | |||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 5974 (50.3) | 2995 (43.8) | 1068 (57.0) | 1581 (64.4) | <.001 |
| Female | 5898 (49.7) | 3846 (56.2) | 807 (43.0) | 873 (35.6) | |
| Age, median (IQR), y | 48.1 (38.7-59.1) | 51.5 (41.2-62.5) | 47.4 (39.6-57.2) | 42.2 (35.1-50.6) | <.001 |
| Adjusted monthly household income, median (IQR), US $ | 4763 (3464-6000) | 4242 (3000-6000) | 5625 (4000-6000) | 5625 (4000-6495) | <.001 |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| Primary | 3068 (26.2) | 2069 (30.6) | 480 (25.9) | 412 (17.0) | <.001 |
| Secondary | 3075 (26.2) | 1994 (29.5) | 421 (22.7) | 474 (19.6) | |
| Tertiary | 5583 (47.6) | 2695 (39.9) | 953 (51.4) | 1533 (63.4) | |
| Swiss nationality | |||||
| No | 3940 (33.2) | 2245 (32.9) | 533 (28.5) | 788 (32.2) | <.001 |
| Yes | 7910 (66.8) | 4585 (67.1) | 1338 (71.5) | 1663 (67.8) | |
| Known comorbidities | |||||
| No | 11 196 (94.4) | 6312 (92.3) | 1813 (96.7) | 2403 (98.0) | <.001 |
| Yes | 666 (5.6) | 525 (7.7) | 62 (3.3) | 48 (2.0) | |
| Known cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| No | 6956 (58.6) | 3518 (51.4) | 1210 (64.5) | 1762 (71.8) | <.001 |
| Yes | 4912 (41.4) | 3323 (48.6) | 665 (35.5) | 692 (28.2) | |
| Additional nonmandatory insurance plans | |||||
| No | 6056 (53.5) | 3641 (55.1) | 861 (47.7) | 1300 (55.2) | <.001 |
| Yes | 5255 (46.5) | 2963 (44.9) | 945 (52.3) | 1053 (44.8) | |
| Subsidized insurance premiums | |||||
| No | 9746 (84.9) | 5496 (82.2) | 1648 (89.4) | 2135 (88.8) | <.001 |
| Yes | 1736 (15.1) | 1193 (17.8) | 196 (10.6) | 268 (11.2) | |
| Forgoing health care (nondental) | |||||
| No | 10 695 (90.3) | 6237 (91.3) | 1699 (90.8) | 2118 (86.5) | <.001 |
| Yes | 1146 (9.7) | 591 (8.7) | 172 (9.2) | 331 (13.5) | |
| Forgoing dental care | |||||
| No | 10 470 (88.2) | 6026 (88.1) | 1659 (88.5) | 2145 (87.4) | <.001 |
| Yes | 1399 (11.8) | 815 (11.9) | 216 (11.5) | 309 (12.6) | |
Abbreviation: IQR, interquartile range.
a
Data are presented at number (percentage) of individuals unless otherwise indicated.
b
Data were missing for the outcome (forgoing health care) for 31 individuals (0.3%) and for the explanatory variable (insurance plan deductible) for 702 individuals (5.9%).
c
P values for categorical variables were determined using a χ2 test and for continuous variables using a Kruskal-Wallis test.