Table 2.

Parameter settings for MRFO-OBL and the compared algorithms

Algorithm name	Parameters setting
Common parameters	Number of population $N=30$
	Maximum iterations $I{t}_{max}=500$
	Number of runs 30
MFO	$b=1$ and a decreases linearly from − 1 to − 2 (default)
WOA	$\alpha$ decreases linearly from 2 to 0 (default)
	a2 decreases linearly from − 1 to − 2 (default)
SCA	$A=2$ (default)
SSA	c1 as defined in the original research
EO	$a_1=2,a_2=1$ (default)
MRFO and MRFO-OBL	$S=2$ (default)