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Membrane sources for autophagosome formation. A) Possible sources of lipids. B) Proposed molecular mechanism of autophagosome growth. Once the precursor membrane is formed, Faa1 produces new lipids at autophagosome-ER contact sites, which are transferred to the growing phagophore by the Atg2-Atg18 complex. The scrambling activity of Atg9 might redistribute the lipids to both sides of the phagophore lipid bilayer.
