Table 1.
Participant characteristics
| Variable | Total (N=83) | Urban (n=40) | Rural (n=43) | |||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Gender (male) | 41 | 49.4 | 23 | 57.5 | 18 | 41.9 |
| Status of shared living arrangements | 47 | 56.6 | 19 | 47.5 | 28 | 65.1 |
| Drove a car in past 4 weeks | 39 | 47.0 | 18 | 45.0 | 21 | 48.8 |
| Rode a bicycle in past 4 weeks | 18 | 21.7 | 9 | 22.5 | 9 | 20.9 |
| Used walking aid in past 4 weeks | 34 | 41.0 | 11 | 27.5 | 23 | 53.5 |
| History of falls past 6 months (>1) | 22 | 26.5 | 9 | 22.5 | 13 | 30.2 |
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Age (years) | 78.5 | 5.4 | 77.1 | 5.2 | 79.8* | 5.2 |
| Height (cm) | 168.7 (3) | 10.5 | 170.8 | 11.2 | 166.5 (3) | 9.3 |
| Weight (kg) | 79.0 (3) | 18.8 | 79.7 | 19.8 | 78.3 (3) | 17.8 |
| Body mass index | 27.6 (3) | 5.4 | 27.1 | 5.8 | 28.1 (3) | 5.1 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index (0–41) | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.2* | 4.5 | 2.3 | 2.3 |
| Hand grip strength (kg) | 25.8 (2) | 11.6 | 27.7 (1) | 11.8 | 24.0 (1) | 11.4 |
| Mini-Cog score (0–5) | 3.8 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 1.6 | 3.8 | 1.4 |
| LSA-D composite score (0–120) |
60.8 | 24.3 | 58.0 | 21.7 | 63.3 | 26.5 |
| ADL/iADL (number of limitations; 0–15) | 7.8 | 6.2 | 9.4* | 6.7 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
| TUG (s) | 13.9 (5) | 9.2 | 10.5 (3) | 6.8 | 16.9† (2) | 10.1 |
| Self-rated health (0–100) | 64.8 | 21.3 | 70.5 | 19.3 | 59.4* | 21.8 |
| Balance confidence (0–100) | 57.8 | 32.7 | 67.8 | 28.4 | 48.4* | 34.0 |
Numbers in brackets report number of missing values.
*Significant difference between subsamples (p<0.05).
†Significant difference between subsamples (p<0.001).
ADL, activities of daily living; iADL, instrumental activities of daily living; LSA-D, Life-Space Assessment-Deutsch; TUG, Timed Up and Go Test.