Table 1.
The clinical characteristics of patients in the derivation and validation cohort
| Clinical characteristics | Derivation cohort | Validation cohort | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 286 | 120 | |
| Gender | 0.242 | ||
| Male | 237 (82.87%) | 105 (87.50%) | |
| Female | 49 (17.13%) | 15 (12.50%) | |
| Age (years) | 0.458 | ||
| ≤ 60 | 199 (69.58%) | 79 (65.83%) | |
| > 60 | 87 (30.42%) | 41 (34.17%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.233 | ||
| With | 74 (25.87%) | 38 (31.67%) | |
| Without | 212 (74.13%) | 82 (68.33%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.885 | ||
| With | 46 (16.08%) | 20 (16.67%) | |
| Without | 240 (83.92%) | 100 (83.33%) | |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.803 | ||
| With | 11 (3.85%) | 4 (3.33%) | |
| Without | 275 (96.15%) | 116 (96.67%) | |
| Smoking history | 0.393 | ||
| With | 125 (43.71%) | 58 (48.33%) | |
| Without | 161 (56.29%) | 62 (51.67%) | |
| Drinking history | 0.187 | ||
| With | 88 (30.77%) | 45 (37.50%) | |
| Without | 198 (69.23%) | 75 (62.50%) | |
| Portal hypertension | 0.325 | ||
| With | 65 (22.73%) | 22 (18.33%) | |
| Without | 221 (77.27%) | 98 (81.67%) | |
| ALBI core | 0.084 | ||
| ≤ − 2.60 | 256 (89.51%) | 100 (83.33%) | |
| > − 2.60 to ≤ − 1.39 | 30 (10.49%) | 20 (16.67%) | |
| Preoperative ALT level (U/L) | 30.0 (13.0–241.0) | 26.50 (13.00–337.0) | 0.021 |
| Preoperative AST level (U/L) | 30.0 (13.0–241.0) | 26.50 (13.00–337.0) | 0.104 |
| Preoperative ALB level (g/L) | 44.02 ± 4.19 | 43.20 ± 4.41 | 0.077 |
| Preoperative serum creatinine level (mg/dl) | 73.35 ± 14.29 | 76.21 ± 13.28 | 0.061 |
| Preoperative blood glucose level (mmol/L) | 5.62 ± 1.72 | 5.50 ± 1.37 | 0.489 |
| Preoperative PT (second) | 11.92 ± 0.95 | 11.97 ± 1.07 | 0.688 |
| Preoperative status of HBsAg | 0.165 | ||
| Positive | 232 (81.12%) | 90 (75.00%) | |
| Negative | 54 (18.88%) | 30 (25.00%) | |
| Preoperative status of HBeAg | 0.240 | ||
| Positive | 65 (22.73%) | 21 (17.50%) | |
| Negative | 221 (77.27%) | 99 (82.50%) | |
| HCV-Ab | 0.669 | ||
| Positive | 20 (6.99%) | 7 (5.83%) | |
| Negative | 266 (93.01%) | 113 (94.17%) | |
| Preoperative LnAFP level | 4.62 ± 2.95 | 4.62 ± 2.95 | 0.932 |
| Maximum diameter of primary tumor (cm) | 0.836 | ||
| ≤ 5 | 170 (59.44%) | 70 (58.33%) | |
| > 5 | 116 (40.56%) | 50 (41.67%) | |
| Adjacent to large blood vessels | 0.770 | ||
| With | 90 (31.47%) | 36 (30.00%) | |
| Without | 196 (68.53%) | 84 (70.00%) | |
| Adjacent to the diaphragm | 0.078 | ||
| With | 24 (8.39%) | 17 (14.17%) | |
| Without | 262 (91.61%) | 103 (85.83%) | |
| MVI classification | 0.263 | ||
| M1 | 132 (46.15%) | 58 (48.33%) | |
| M2 | 66 (23.08%) | 34 (28.33%) | |
| MX | 88 (30.77%) | 28 (23.33%) | |
| Number of tumors | 0.326 | ||
| 1 | 250 (87.41%) | 109 (90.83%) | |
| ≥ 2 | 36 (12.59%) | 11 (9.17%) | |
| Satellite nodule | 0.749 | ||
| With | 49 (17.13%) | 19 (15.83%) | |
| Without | 237 (82.87%) | 101 (84.17%) | |
| Serosal invasion | 0.657 | ||
| With | 172 (60.14%) | 75 (62.50%) | |
| Without | 114 (39.86%) | 45 (37.50%) | |
| Preoperative/intraoperative ablation | 1.000 | ||
| With | 7 (2.45%) | 2 (1.67%) | |
| Without | 279 (97.55%) | 118 (98.33%) | |
| Preoperative radiotherapy | 0.727 | ||
| With | 6 (2.10%) | 3 (2.50%) | |
| Without | 280 (97.90%) | 117 (97.50%) | |
| Preoperative interventional therapy | 0.924 | ||
| With | 16 (5.59%) | 7 (5.83%) | |
| Without | 270 (94.41%) | 113 (94.17%) | |
| Postoperative radiotherapy | 0.642 | ||
| With | 47 (16.43%) | 22 (18.33%) | |
| Without | 239 (83.57%) | 98 (81.67%) | |
| Postoperative interventional therapy | 0.447 | ||
| With | 114 (39.86%) | 43 (35.83%) | |
| Without | 172 (60.14%) | 77 (64.17%) | |
| AJCC staging system (the 8th edition) | 0.362 | ||
| Stage I | 21 (7.34%) | 10 (8.33%) | |
| Stage II | 202 (70.63%) | 91 (75.83%) | |
| Stage III | 63 (22.03%) | 19 (15.83%) | |
| BCLC staging system | 0.588 | ||
| Stage 0 | 21 (7.34%) | 10 (8.33%) | |
| Stage A | 39 (13.64%) | 14 (11.67%) | |
| Stage B | 199 (69.58%) | 89 (74.17%) | |
| Stage C | 27 (9.44%) | 7 (5.83%) | |
| Early-relapse | 0.610 | ||
| Presence | 115 (40.21%) | 45 (37.50%) | |
| Absence | 171 (59.79%) | 75 (62.50%) | |
ALBI albumin-bilirubin, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALB albumin, PT prothrombin time, HBsAg hepatitis B surface antigen, HBeAg hepatitis B e antigen, HCV-Ab hepatitis C virus-antibody, MVI microvascular invasion, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, AJCC American Joint Committee on Cancer, BCLC Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer