CD69–CD103– (20% O2), CD69+CD103– (2% O2), and CD69+CD103+ (2% O2 + TGF-β1) CD8+ T cells were generated as described earlier and sorted before RNA isolation and transcriptome analysis via RNA-Seq (n = 3). (A) GSEA of relevant gene signatures derived from endogenous TRM and resident memory-like tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILRM) in the transcriptome of CD69+CD103+ versus CD69–CD103–, presented as normalized enrichment score (NES), *P adj < 0.05, **P adj < 0.01. (B) Venn diagram showing the overlap of DEGs between CD69+CD103+ and CD69–CD103– cells and gene sets derived from endogenous human skin (Cheuk et al., ref. 36) and lung (Hombrink et al., ref. 23) TRM.