(A–C) Collagen (A), ACh (B), and α7 nAChR (C) protein expression assessed using Sircol assay, ELISA, and immunoblot, respectively, in explanted RV tissue from end-stage human PAH (n = 5) and controls (n = 4). (D) Immunofluorescent staining for α7 nAChR (green), vimentin (red), and nuclei (blue) in human RV tissue from control. Arrows demonstrate localization of α7 nAChR in CF (vimentin positive cells). Scale bar: 20 μm. Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-tailed t tests were performed between control and PAH. *P < 0.05. ACh, acetylcholine; nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; RV, right ventricle.