TABLE 3.
Characteristics of included studies1
| Region | Country or territory | Study description | Total sample size2 | Populations studied | Repeats on all subjects or subsample | No. of days among those with repeats3 | Dietary assessment method | Nutrients included4 | Year(s) of dietary data collection | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Literature review | ||||||||||
| Africa | Burkina Faso | Dietary validation study among adolescents in a primarily urban district in central Burkina Faso | 237 | Adolescents | Subsample | 2 | 24HR, food records | Vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2019 | Arsenault et al. (2020) (43) |
| Africa | Egypt | Cohort (Collaborative Research Support Program on Food Intake and Human Function, Egypt)5 | NR | Women | NR | NR | NR | Total energy | NR | Nyambose et al. (2002) (38) |
| Africa | Kenya | Cohort (Collaborative Research Support Program on Food Intake and Human Function, Kenya)5 | NR | Women | NR | NR | NR | Total energy | NR | Nyambose et al. (2002) (38) |
| Africa | Malawi | Dietary survey among pregnant women in a rural area in central Malawi | 184 | Women | All or most | 2–12 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1988–1991 | Nyambose et al. (2002) (38) |
| Africa | Uganda | Nationally representative survey (2008 Uganda Food Consumption Survey) | 1467 | Women, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Vitamin A, iron, zinc | 2008 | Ethiopian National Food Consumption Survey Report (2013) (42, 85) |
| Asia | Bangladesh | Observational study in a nonrandom sample reflecting range of socioeconomic status (Matlab study) | 834 | Women, men, children, adolescents | All or most | 6 | Food records | Total energy | 1977–1978 | Torres et al. (1990) (30) |
| Asia | India | Dietary survey in south India (International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics Survey) | 368 | General population (combined age and sex groups) | All or most | 4 | NR | Total energy | 1976–1977 | Bhargava (1992) (28) |
| Asia | India | Dietary validation study among male tobacco users and household members in rural communities in Gujarat and Kerala | 120 | Women, men | All or most | 8 | 24HR | Total energy, B-carotene, vitamin C, thiamin, iron, zinc | 1993–1994 | Hebert et al. (2000) (36) |
| Asia | Indonesia | Observational dietary study among pregnant women in rural Indonesia | 743 | Women | All or most | 9 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A | 1982–1984 | Reported in Nyambose, et al. (2002) (38), originally from Launer et al. (1991)6 (86) |
| Asia | Indonesia | Representative 2-stage cluster longitudinal survey of pregnant women in a mostly rural district | 451 | Women | All or most | 6 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, iron | 1996–1998 | Persson et al. (2001) (39) |
| Asia | Japan | Dietary validation study in 2 rural towns | 113 | Women, men | All or most | 12 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1996–1997 | Tsubota-Utsugi et al. (2013) (31) |
| Asia | Japan | Dietary validation study among dietitians | 80 | Women | All or most | 28 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, zinc | 1996–1997 | Imaeda et al. (2013) (37); Tokudome et al. (2002) (41) |
| Asia | Japan | Observational dietary survey in 4 areas in Japan | 242 | Women, men | All or most | 16 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2002–2003 | Fukumoto et al. (2013) (34) |
| Asia | Japan | Pre-intervention data from a randomized controlled trial | 56 | Men | All or most | 7 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2013–2015 | Taguchi et al. (2017) (32) |
| Asia | Japan | National nutrition survey | 181 | Men | All or most | 7 | Food records | Total energy | 1963 | Liu et al. (1978) (33), Tillotson et al. (1973) (87) |
| Asia | Philippines | Nationally representative survey (Filipino National Food Consumption Survey 2003) | 1374 | Children | NR | 2 | Combination | Iron | 2003 | Gibbs et al. (2014) (35) |
| Asia | Philippines | Household survey randomly sampled to represent a range of sugar production access (88) | 2047 | General population (combined age sex groups) | All or most | 4 | 24HR | Total energy | 1984–1985 | Bhargava (1992) (28) |
| Asia | Taiwan | FFQ validation study among nutrition major students | 69 | Women, men | All or most | 10–15 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, iron | NR | Chang et al. (2001) (29) |
| EasternEurope/Asia | Russia | Nationally representative survey (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 1996) | 1413 | Adolescents | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin C, thiamin, iron | 1996 | Jahns et al. (2004) (47) |
| EasternEurope/Asia | Russia | Nationally representative survey (Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2000) | 103 | Adolescents | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Vitamin C | 2000 | Jahns et al. (2005) (7) |
| Europe | Belgium | Multistage cluster survey of Flemish schools (Flemish Preschool Dietary Survey 2002–2003) | 661 | Children | All or most | 3 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin C, thiamin, iron, zinc | 2002–2003 | Huybrechts et al. (2008) (45) |
| Europe | England/United Kingdom | Secondary analysis of multiple studies of varying study designs | 741 | Women, men, adolescents, children | All or most | 7–28 | Food records | Total energy, retinol, carotene, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1968–1984 | Nelson et al. (1989) (50) |
| Europe | England | Community (dietary validation) study of children attending health clinics | 72 | Children | All or most | 5 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, zinc | NR | Lanigan et al. (2004) (49) |
| Europe | Finland | Dietary validation study (Helsinki Diet Methodology Study) | 162 | Men | All or most | 24 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin | 1984 | Hartman et al. (1990) (44) |
| Europe | Germany | Cohort study in Potsdam (EPIC) | 134 | Women and men | All or most | 10–12 | 24HR | Total energy | 1994 | Kroke et al. (1999) (46) |
| Europe | Greece | National survey including a random stratified sample in 3 counties | 1794 | Adolescents, children | All or most | 3 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron | NR | Roma-Giannikou et al. (1997) (48) |
| North America | Canada | Observational dietary study among Toronto sales and office staff (Canadian National Heart Lung Blood Institute Nutrition Data System) | 60 | Women, men | All or most | 6 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin C, thiamin, iron | 1977 | Beaton et al. (1983) (60) |
| North America | Canada | Nationally representative survey (Food Habits of Canadians Study 1997–98) | 1541 | Women, men | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin C, folate, iron | 1997–1998 | Palaniappan et al. (2003) (55) |
| North America | Canada | Nationally representative survey (2015 Canadian Community Health Survey) | 20,487 | Women, adolescents, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Folate | 2015 | Davis et al. (2019) (58) |
| North America | Mexico | Random, multistage sample survey of urban areas of Mexico | 1063 | Women, men, adolescents, children | All or most | 3 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, iron, zinc | 2012 | Shamah-Levy et al. (2016) (53) |
| North America | Mexico | Cohort (Collaborative Research Support Program on Food Intake and Human Function, Mexico)5 | NR | Women | NR | NR | NR | Total energy | NR | Nyambose et al. (2002) (38) |
| North America | United States | Nationally representative survey (CSFII 1996) | 645 | Adolescents | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin C, thiamin, iron | 1996 | Jahns et al. (2004) (47); Jahns et al. (2005) (7) |
| North America | United States | Randomized controlled trial of calcium supplementation | 142 | Women | All or most | 19 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | Between 1978 and 1982 | Sempos et al. (1985) (56) |
| North America | United States | Nested random sample within cohort of senior citizens in Albuquerque | 50 | Women, men | All or most | 6 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1980–1981 | Hunt et al. (1983) (63) |
| North America | United States | Cohort of senior citizens in south-central Connecticut | 220 | Women, men | All or most | 4 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1982–1985 | McAvay and Rodin (1988) (64) |
| North America | United States | FFQ validation study in low-income, innercity state schools | 109 | Adolescents | All or most | 4 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin C, iron | 1993–1994 | Field et al. (1999) (61) |
| North America | United States | Nationally representative survey (NHANES 2002) | NR | Women, men, adolescents, children | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2002 | Goldman (2005) (62) |
| North America | United States | Nationally representative survey (NHANES 2003–2008) | 18,424 | Women, men, adolescents | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Vitamin A, vitamin C, zinc | 2003–2008 | Brandt (2012) (8) |
| North America | United States | Nationally representative survey (NHANES 2007–2008) | 7654 | Women, men, children | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2007–2008 | Willett (2013) (57) |
| North America | United States | Nationally representative survey (NHANES 2007–2010) | 3473 | Adolescents, children | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2007–2010 | Ollberding et al. (2014) (65) |
| North America | United States | Randomized controlled trial of prenatal supplementation (Prenatal Project) | 225 | Women | All or most | 2–4 | 24HR | Total energy | Between 1969 and 1976 | Rush and Kristal (1982) (40) |
| North America | United States | Cohort study of nurses (Nurses’ Health Study) | 173 | Women | All or most | 28 | Food records | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, iron, zinc | 1980–1981 | Willett (2013) (57), Willett et al. (1985) (89) |
| North America | United States | Cohort of men of Japanese ancestry | 318 | Men | All or most | 7 | Food records | Total energy | 1967–1970 | Liu et al. (1978) (33), Tillotson et al. (1973) (87) |
| North America | United States | Randomized controlled clinical trial of protein supplementation among overweight and obese individuals | 73 | Women, men | All or most | 15 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, B-carotene, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, iron, zinc | NR | Stote et al. (2011) (59) |
| South America | Brazil | Representative population-based survey in São Paulo | 511 | Women, men | Subsample | 2–4 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2007 | Morimoto et al. (2011) (51) |
| South America | Ecuador | Small community survey (nonrandomized sample representing approximately 40% of residents) | 149 | Women, men, adolescents, children | All or most | 2–6 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1994 | Berti and Leonard (1998) (54) |
| South America | Peru | Longitudinal dietary survey in a peri-urban community | 124 | Children | All or most | 5 per 4 mo or 16 per 12 mo7 | Combination | Total energy | 1982–1984 | Piwoz et al. (1994) (52) |
| Reanalyzed datasets | ||||||||||
| Africa | Burkina Faso | Dietary survey in 2 urban districts (WDDP Burkina Faso 1) | 178 | Women | All or most | 3 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2006 | Martin-Prevel et al. (2015) (66), Becquey et al. (2009) (67)8 |
| Africa | Burkina Faso | Multistage cluster survey in 2 provinces (WDDP Burkina Faso 2) | 960 | Women, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2010 | Arsenault et al. (2014) (77, 78) |
| Africa | Cameroon | Nationally representative cluster survey | 1774 | Women, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Vitamin A, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2009 | Engle-Stone et al. (2012) (19) |
| Africa | Lesotho | Pilot survey in a district with high prevalence of malnutrition | 268 | Women, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2009 | Wiesmann et al. (2012) (17) |
| Africa | Mali | Multistage cluster survey (WDDP Mali) | 102 | Women | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2007 | Kennedy et al. (2009) (68) |
| Africa | Mozambique | Baseline survey for cluster-randomized trial (WDDP Mozambique) | 254 | Women | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2006 | Hotz et al. (2012), 1 (80) |
| Africa | Uganda | Multistage cluster survey in 3 rural regions (WDDP Uganda 1) | 869 | Women, children | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, iron, zinc | 2007 | Hotz et al. (2012), 2 (79, 81)8 |
| Africa | Zambia | Baseline data from cluster-randomized controlled trial of biofortified maize | 202 | Children | All or most | Up to 7 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, iron, zinc | 2012–2013 | Caswell et al. (2020) (69) |
| Asia | Bangladesh | Dietary survey sampled based on response to agricultural intervention (WDDP Bangladesh 1) | 412 | Women | Subsample | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 1996 | Arimond et al. (2009) (70, 71)8 |
| Asia | Bangladesh | Multistage cluster survey in two rural regions (WDDP Bangladesh 2) | 926 | Women, children | All or most | 2 | Combination | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc, phytate | 2007–2008 | Arsenault et al. (2013) (21, 82)8 |
| Asia | Philippines | Two-stage cluster community survey (2005 Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey, WDDP) | 2045 | Women | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2005 | Daniels et al. (2009) (72, 73)8 |
| Asia | Philippines | Observational study sampled based on levels of vitamin A intake (GloVitAS-P) | 123 | Children | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol | 2016–2017 | Ford et al. (2020) (83) |
| Caribbean | Puerto Rico | FFQ validation study | 242 | Children | All or most | 2 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, folic acid, iron, zinc | 2014–2015 | Palacios et al. (2017) (74) |
| Central America | Guatemala | Randomized controlled trial of multiple micronutrient supplements with bovine serum concentrate (longitudinal data) | 259 | Children | All or most | 2–4 | Combination | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc, phytate | 1997–1999 | Bégin et al. (2008) (84) |
| Europe | Sweden | FFQ validation study within randomized controlled trial (MINISTOP) | 40 | Children | All or most | Up to 4 | 24HR | Total energy, vitamin A, retinol, thiamin, vitamin B-12, folate, iron, zinc | 2014–2015 | Nyström et al. (2017) (75) |
1
CSFII, Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; EPIC, European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; GloVitAS-P, Global Vitamin A Safety Assessment Study–Philippines; MINISTOP, Mobile-based Intervention Intended to Stop Obesity in Preschoolers; NR, not reported; WDDP, Women's Dietary Diversity Project; 24HR, 24-h dietary recall.
2
Total sample sizes refer to all combined subgroups and do not necessarily represent sample sizes per analytical unit.
3
The number of days of dietary intake data among those with repeats is presented as an average or range, unless otherwise noted.
4
Listed nutrients include those for which data were extracted for the present study, although other nutrients may have been reported in the publication.
5
Nyambose et al. note in their publication that the variance ratios from this study were unpublished data obtained via a personal communication with Suzanne Murphy, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii at Monoa.
6
Full text was not accessible to the authors.
7
Median.
8
Original dataset is publicly available online; see reference for access information.