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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2021 Jun 3;281:114091. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114091

Fig. 1. Study Tasks.

Fig. 1.

A) Provider Preference Task. Participants selected which of two providers they would prefer to conduct a painful medical procedure. B) Painful Procedure Expectation Task. Participants imagined that the provider was performing a painful medical procedure on them, and were asked to rate their expectations about various post-procedural outcomes (see C for specific items. C) Differences in study designs. Stimuli varied by study (see Fig. 2), as did the items in the Expectations Task and in the Trait Rating Task (when present; Studies 4–5). All studies included the Provider Preference Task prior to the Painful Procedure Expectations Task, and some also included questionnaires at the end of all of the tasks. Note that in Study 2, half of participants completed a question about expectations for medication use, and half of participants completed a question about their perceptions of the provider’s similarity. For full methods, including descriptions of the item wording and scale anchors, see Supplementary Materials.