Table 2.
Fertility-associated proteins of sperm from low- and high-fertility bulls.
| Protein name | Abbreviation | High fertility | Low fertility | Function | Methods | Breed | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP synthase H+ transporting mitochondrial F1 complex beta subunit | ATP5B | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein 2 | AHSG | Upregulated | Immune system | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Enolase 1 | ENO1 | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Apoptosis-stimulating of p53 protein | ASPP2 | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Phospholipid hydro peroxide glutathione peroxide | GPx4 | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex core protein 2 | UQCRC2 | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Ropporin-1 | Upregulated | Cell signaling | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | ||
| Voltage-dependent anion channel 2 | VDAC2 | Upregulated | Ion transport | 2D-PAGE | Hanwoo | (42) | |
| Malate dehydrogenase 2 | MD2 | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Enolase 1 | ENO1 | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Calpain-7-like protein | CAPN7 | Upregulated | Acrosome reaction and capacitation | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| N-Acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6 N acetylglucosaminyl transferase isoform C | GCNT2 | Upregulated | Development and maturation of erythroid cells | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| RIB43A domain with coiled-coils 1 | RIBC1 | Upregulated | Sperm motility and the structural integrity of sperm tail | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Condensen-2 complex subunit D3 | NCAPD3 | Upregulated | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | ||
| 2,4-Dienoyl CoA reductase-1 | DECR1 | Up regulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Beta galactosidase-1-like protein-2 | LacA like protein-2 | Upregulated | Maturation of spermatozoa | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 | GDI2 | Upregulated | Preventing membrane integrity | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Chain D, F-1 ATPase | ATP5D | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase-12 | USP12 | Upregulated | Cell signaling | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Thimet oligopeptidase-1 | TOP | Upregulated | Catalyze the hydrolysis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Binder of sperm-1 | BSP1 | Upregulated | Prevent premature acrosome reaction and capacitation | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Transmembrane protein-43 | TMEM43 | Upregulated | Maintain nuclear envelope structure | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Dystonin-like isoform-1 | DST like isoform 1 | Upregulated | An integrator of intermediate filaments, actin, and microtubule cytoskeleton networks | 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF-MS | Holstein x Tharparkar crossbred | (5) | |
| Albumin | ALB | Upregulated | Ease cholesterol outflow from sperm membranes and preserves sperm against lipid peroxidation | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase | TIMP | Upregulated | Inhibit MMPs by binding to their catalytic Zn cofactor | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Spermadhesin-1 | SPADH1 | Upregulated | Participate in sperm–egg binding | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Binder of sperm proteins 1, 3, and 5 | BSP1, 3, 5 | Upregulated | Prevent premature acrosome reaction and capacitation | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 | PEBP1 | Upregulated | Promote inhibition of early sperm capacitation | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 | AK1 | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Heat shock protein 90 | HSP90 | Upregulated | Stabilizes proteins against heat stress | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| B-cell lymphoma-62 | BCL62 | Upregulated | Antiapoptotic | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| NADH dehydrogenase | NADHD | Upregulated | Energy metabolism | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Interferon regulatory factor 4 | IFNRF4 | Upregulated | Immune system | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Class III β-tubulin | TUBB3 | Upregulated | Sperm motility | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Proteasome subunit alpha type-6 | PSMA6 | Upregulated | Associated with sperm DNA fragmentation | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein 1 | PEBP1 | Upregulated | Inhibition of sperm capacitation | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| T-complex protein 1 subunits 3 and 8 | CCT3, CCT8 | Upregulated | Reflecting incomplete developmental processes | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| Clusterin | CLU | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | 2D-DIGE | Holstein | (44) | |
| The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 | TIMP-2 | Upregulated | Inhibit MMPs by binding to their catalytic Zn cofactor | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | |
| C-type natriuretic peptide | NPPC | Upregulated | Stimulating intracellular cGMP and sperm motility | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | |
| Sulfhydryl oxidase | QSOX1 | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | |
| Binder of sperm-5 | BSP5 | Upregulated | Participate in sperm–egg binding | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | |
| Galectin-3-binding protein | LGALS3BP | Upregulated | Inhibiting cell signaling | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | |
| Tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2 | TFPI2 | Upregulated | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) | ||
| Clusterin | CLU | Upregulated | Oxidative stress | Mass spectrometry coupled with Nano HPLC | Holstein | (4) |