Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics for the Overall Cohort and Disaggregated by HIV Status
| Covariates | Overall Cohorta (N = 650) | People With HIVa (N = 303) | HIV Negativea (N = 347) | P Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Factors | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 271 (41.7) | 102 (33.7) | 169 (48.7) | <.001 |
| Male | 379 (58.3) | 201 (66.3) | 178 (51.3) | |
| Age | ||||
| 18–29 | 226 (34.8) | 30 (9.9) | 196 (56.5) | <.001 |
| 30–44 | 251 (38.6) | 154 (50.8) | 97 (28.0) | |
| ≥45 | 173 (26.6) | 119 (39.3) | 54 (15.6) | |
| Monthly Income | ||||
| INR <7500 | 244 (37.5) | 174 (57.4) | 70 (20.2) | <.001 |
| INR 7500–14 999 | 263 (40.5) | 93 (30.7) | 170 (49.0) | |
| INR ≥15 000 | 143 (22.0) | 36 (11.9) | 107 (30.8) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Self-employed | 137 (21.1) | 81 (26.7) | 56 (16.1) | <.001 |
| Government or private sector employment | 130 (20.0) | 61 (20.1) | 69 (19.9) | |
| Laborer on daily wages | 84 (12.9) | 46 (15.2) | 38 (11.0) | |
| Housewife, student, or unemployed | 299 (46.0) | 115 (38.0) | 184 (53.0) | |
| Clinical Factors | ||||
| Phase of Therapy | ||||
| Intensive phase | 178 (27.4) | 102 (33.7) | 76 (21.9) | .002 |
| Early continuation phase | 249 (38.3) | 100 (33.0) | 149 (42.9) | |
| Late continuation phase | 223 (34.3) | 101 (33.3) | 122 (35.2) | |
| Category of TB | ||||
| New | 504 (77.5) | 242 (79.9) | 262 (75.5) | .184 |
| Previously treated | 146 (22.5) | 61 (20.1) | 85 (24.5) | |
| Type of TB | ||||
| Extrapulmonary | 202 (31.1) | 72 (23.8) | 130 (37.5) | <.001 |
| Smear-negative pulmonary | 77 (11.9) | 48 (15.8) | 29 (8.36) | |
| Smear-positive pulmonary | 371 (57.1) | 183 (60.4) | 188 (54.2) | |
| Structural Factors | ||||
| Transport Mode to Clinic | ||||
| Walking or bicycle | 234 (36.0) | 12 (4.0) | 222 (64.0) | <.001 |
| Motorcycle or car | 44 (6.8) | 30 (9.9) | 14 (4.0) | |
| Autorickshaw or taxi | 131 (20.2) | 33 (10.9) | 98 (28.2) | |
| Public transportation | 241 (37.1) | 228 (75.3) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Money Spent to Collect Medication Refills | ||||
| INR 0–24 | 233 (35.9) | 21 (6.9) | 212 (61.1) | <.001 |
| INR 25–49 | 111 (17.1) | 32 (10.6) | 79 (22.8) | |
| INR-50–75 | 111 (17.1) | 68 (22.4) | 43 (12.4) | |
| INR >75 | 195 (30.0) | 182 (60.1) | 13 (3.8) | |
| Time Spent to Collect Medication Refills | ||||
| <30 minutes | 110 (16.9) | 4 (1.3) | 106 (30.6) | <.001c |
| 30 to 59 minutes | 191 (29.4) | 7 (2.3) | 184 (53.0) | |
| 60 to 239 minutes | 180 (27.7) | 123 (40.6) | 57 (16.4) | |
| ≥240 minutes | 169 (26.0) | 169 (55.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Psychosocial Factors | ||||
| Current Tobacco Use | ||||
| No | 540 (83.1) | 261 (86.1) | 279 (80.4) | .002 |
| Smokeless tobacco only | 51 (7.9) | 12 (4.0) | 39 (11.2) | |
| Cigarette or beedi use | 59 (9.1) | 30 (9.9) | 29 (8.4) | |
| Probable Alcohol Use | ||||
| No alcohol use | 591 (90.9) | 256 (84.5) | 335 (96.5) | <.001 |
| Any alcohol use | 59 (9.1) | 47 (15.1) | 12 (3.5) |
Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INR, Indian rupees; TB, tuberculosis.
aRepresents the number of study participants in a category divided by the overall sample or subsample: eg, there are 271 females out of 650participants in the overall cohort; 102 females out of 303 participants with HIV; and 169 females out of 347 participants who are HIV negative.
bχ 2 was used to assess differences in characteristics between people with HIV and HIV-negative TB patients.
cFisher’s exact test was used to assess differences for time spent to collect medication refills, because some categories had fewer than 5 observations.