Table 2.
Factors Associated With Nonadherence to TB Medications (N = 650)
| Descriptive Statistics | Univariable Findings | Multivariable Findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | Proportion With Nonadherencea, n (%) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | P Value |
| Demographic Factors | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 28 (10.3) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Male | 49 (12.9) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | .31 | 1.0 (0.5–1.8) | .92 |
| Age | |||||
| 18–29 | 19 (8.4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 30–44 | 41 (16.3) | 2.1 (1.2–3.8) | .01* | 1.1 (0.6–2.2) | .71 |
| ≥45 | 17 (9.8) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | .62 | 0.6 (0.3–1.2) | .15 |
| Monthly Income | |||||
| INR <7500 | 33 (13.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| INR 7500–14 999 | 33 (12.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | .74 | 1.4 (0.8–2.7) | .24 |
| INR ≥15 000 | 11 (7.7) | 0.5 (0.3–1.1) | .08 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0) | .74 |
| Occupation | |||||
| Self-employed | 12 (8.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Employed in government or private sector | 16 (12.3) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) | .35 | 1.7 (0.7–3.9) | .23 |
| Laborer on daily wages | 16 (19.0) | 2.5 (1.1–5.5) | .03* | 2.7 (1.1–6.5) | .03* |
| Housewife, student, or unemployed | 33 (11.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.6) | .47 | 1.6 (0.7–3.6) | .26 |
| Clinical Factors | |||||
| Phase of therapy | |||||
| Intensive phase | 20 (11.2) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Early continuation phase | 21 (8.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | .33 | 1.1 (0.5–2.1) | .87 |
| Late continuation phase | 36 (16.1) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) | .16 | 2.0 (1.1–3.9) | .03* |
| Category of TB | |||||
| New | 55 (10.9) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Previously treated | 22 (15.1) | 1.4 (0.9–2.5) | .17 | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | .24 |
| Type of TB | |||||
| Extrapulmonary | 15 (7.4) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Smear-negative pulmonary | 11 (14.3) | 2.1 (0.9–4.8) | .08 | 1.9 (0.8–4.7) | .15 |
| Smear-positive pulmonary | 51 (13.7) | 2.0 (1.1–3.6) | .03* | 2.1 (1.1–3.9) | .03* |
| People With HIV | |||||
| No | 26 (7.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Yes | 51 (16.8) | 2.5 (1.5–4.1) | .0003* | 1.5 (0.6–3.6) | .43 |
| Structural Factors | |||||
| Transport Mode to Clinic | |||||
| Walking or bicycle | 13 (5.6) | Ref | |||
| Motorcycle or car | 5 (11.4) | 2.2 (0.7–6.5) | .16 | ||
| Autorickshaw or taxi | 14 (10.7) | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) | .08 | ||
| Public transportation | 45 (18.7) | 3.9 (2.0–7.4) | <.0001* | ||
| Money Spent to Collect Medication Refills | |||||
| INR 0–24 | 17 (7.3) | Ref | |||
| INR 25–49 | 10 (9.0) | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | .58 | ||
| INR 50–75 | 17 (15.3) | 2.3 (1.1–4.7) | .02* | ||
| INR >75 | 33 (16.9) | 2.6 (1.4–4.8) | .003* | ||
| Time Spent to Collect Medication Refills | |||||
| <30 minutes | 2 (1.8) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 30 to 59 minutes | 19 (9.9) | 6.0 (1.4–26.1) | .02* | 6.6 (1.5–29.5) | .01* |
| ≥60 minutes | 56 (16.0) | 10.3 (2.5–43.0) | .001* | 9.0 (1.8–44.2) | .007* |
| Psychosocial Factors | |||||
| Current Tobacco Use | |||||
| No | 59 (10.9) | Ref | |||
| Smokeless tobacco only | 4 (7.8) | 0.7 (0.2–2.0) | .50 | ||
| Cigarette or beedi use | 14 (23.7) | 2.5 (1.3–4.9) | .006* | ||
| Probable Alcohol Use | |||||
| No alcohol use | 61 (10.3) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Any alcohol use | 16 (27.1) | 3.2 (1.7–6.1) | .0003* | 2.5 (1.2–5.2) | .01* |
Abbreviations: HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; INR, Indian rupees; Ref, reference group; TB, tuberculosis.
aRepresents the number of study participants with nonadherence in a given category: eg, 28 of 271 females were nonadherent.
*Indicates a statistically significant finding at the 5% level.