TABLE 1.

Major mutational variants detected in the course of the experimental evolution of ciprofloxacin resistance^a

Target(s)	E. coli			A. baumannii			P. aeruginosa
	Variant	Max. freq. (%)b	No. of reactors (out of 10)	Variant	Max. freq. (%)b	No. of reactors (out of 5)	Variant	Max. freq. (%)b	No. of reactors (out of 12)
Primary
GyrA, DNA gyrase subunit A	Ser83Leu	98	1	Ser81Leu	99	5	Thr83Ile	100	12
	Asp87Asn	17	1				Asp87Asn	79	2
	Asp87Tyr	99	4				Asp87Tyr	52	1
	Asp87Gly	74	6
	Ala119Glu	7	2
GyrB, DNA gyrase subunit B	Ser464Phe	96	6				Leu128Pro	7	1
	Ser464Tyr	99	4				Ser466Phe	63	4
Secondary
ParC, topoisomerase IV subunit A				Ser84Leu	36	4	Ser87Leu	53	6
				Glu88Lys	86	2
				Asn334Tyr	4	1
ParE, topoisomerase IV subunit B							Leu121Pro	8	1
							Ser457Gly	6	1
							Ser457Cys	17	1
							Ser457_insArg	9	1
							Val460Gly	62	2
Efflux pump deregulation	marRc	86	9	adeNc	28	5	nfxBc	90	12
	soxRc	95	9	adeSc	72	4	us_mexE	39	1
	us_soxS	10	2	us_adeI	36	4	us_mexT	12	5
	acrRc	63	9				mexT:G58D	6	1
	us_acrA	53	3				mexSc	94	7
Other strongly implicated genes							pilBOPQRSTWZc	98	11
							mutLc	37	2
							mutSc	27	3

^aListed mutations that reached ≥5% in at least in one reactor and one time point.

^bMaximum observed frequency reached at any time point in any reactor.

^cDisruptive mutations (mainly frameshifts, stops, small indels, and IS elements).