Table 6.
Relationship between information sources, beliefs about COVID-19 and its treatment, history of mental disorders, current and past sleep quality, and the DASS-21 subscales following COVID-19 outbreak
| Variables | N (%) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Event impact | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B (95% CI) | R2 | AR2 | B (95% CI) | R2 | AR2 | B (95% CI) | R2 | R2 | B (95% CI) | R2 | AR2 | ||
| Beliefs about COVID-19 spread | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 1045 (97.2) | 2.81 (−1.21, 6.84) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.18 (−3.00, 3.36) | 0.000 | −0.001 | 2.24 (−1.59, 6.06) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 5.81 (−0.014, 11.64) | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| No | 30 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Beliefs about COVID-19 death | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 1026 (95.4) | 5.62** (2.45, 8.78) | 0.011 | 0.010 | 2.85* (0.34, 5.36) | 0.005 | 0.004 | 4.75** (1.75, 7.76) | 0.009 | 0.008 | 10.44*** (5.87, 15.00) | 0.017 | 0.017 |
| No | 49 (4.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Beliefs about COVID-19 treatment | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 890 (82.8) | −3.45** (−5.20, −1.70) | 0.014 | 0.013 | −2.64** (−4.02, −1.26) | 0.013 | 0.012 | −4.30** (−5.96, −2.65) | 0.024 | 0.023 | −4.07** (−6.61, −1.52) | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| No | 185 (17.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Information sources | |||||||||||||
| Internet/Social media | 592 (55.1) | Reference | 0.017 | 0.012 | Reference | 0.013 | 0.009 | Reference | 0.015 | 0.011 | Reference | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| Television | 381 (35.4) | −2.83** (−4.25, −1.41) | −1.69** (−2.82, −0.57) | −2.44** (−3.79, −1.09) | −2.36* (−4.42, −0.29) | ||||||||
| Radio | 4 (0.4) | 4.40 (−6.44, 15.25) | 2.64 (−5.94, 11.22) | 4.88 (−5.42, 15.19) | −4.66 (−20.40, 11.07) | ||||||||
| Relatives | 17 (1.6) | 0.79 (−4.53, 6.10) | 2.52 (−1.68, 6.73) | 1.41 (−3.64, 6.46) | 5.43 (−2.27, 13.15) | ||||||||
| Family physician | 22 (2.0) | −2.55 (−7.24, 2.14) | −1.54 (−5.26, 2.17) | −3.57 (−8.03, 0.89) | −4.77 (−11.59, 2.03) | ||||||||
| Others | 59 (5.5) | −2.45 (−5.40, 0.50) | −2.51* (−4.85, −0.18) | −2.02 (−4.82, 0.79) | −5.98 (−10.26, −1.69) | ||||||||
| Psychologist examination | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 280 (26.0) | 6.71** (5.25, 8.17) | 0.071 | 0.070 | 4.81** (3.65, 5.96) | 0.058 | 0.057 | 5.36** (3.96, 6.76) | 0.050 | 0.049 | 5.76*** (3.59, 7.92) | 0.025 | 0.024 |
| No | 795 (74.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Mental disorders | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 108 (10.0) | 8.78** (6.64,10.93) | 0.057 | 0.056 | 6.64** (4.94, 8.34) | 0.052 | 0.051 | 7.27** (5.22, 9.32) | 0.043 | 0.042 | 9.19*** (6.04, 12.34) | 0.30 | 0.029 |
| No | 967 (90.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Psychiatric medication use | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 99 (9.2) | 5.59** (3.32, 7.86) | 0.021 | 0.020 | 4.70** (2.91, 6.49) | 0.024 | 0.023 | 2.52* (0.34, 4.69) | 0.005 | 0.004 | 4.59** (1.27, 7.90) | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| No | 975 (90.8) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Use of sleeping pills | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 172 (16.0) | 7.36** (5.61, 9.12) | 0.059 | 0.059 | 5.47** (4.08, 6.86) | 0.053 | 0.052 | 5.74** (4.06, 7.43) | 0.040 | 0.039 | 8.64*** (6.07, 11.21) | 0.039 | 0.038 |
| No | 902 (84.0) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Prior insomnia | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 395 (36.8) | 8.22** (6.93, 9.50) | 0.128 | 0.127 | 5.71** (4.68, 6.75) | 0.099 | 0.098 | 6.42** (5.18, 7.67) | 0.087 | 0.086 | 9.89*** (7.99, 11.80) | 0.088 | 0.087 |
| No | 679 (63.2) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
| Recent insomnia | |||||||||||||
| Yes | 369 (34.4) | 7.39** (6.07, 8.72) | 0.100 | 0.100 | 6.19** (5.15, 7.23) | 0.113 | 0.112 | 5.81** (4.53, 7.09) | 0.069 | 0.068 | 11.75*** (9.85, 13.65) | 0.121 | 0.120 |
| No | 705 (65.6) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||||
*** Significant at 0.001 level, ** Significant at 0.01 level, * Significant at 0.05 level