Table 7.
Relationship between information sources, beliefs about COVID-19 and its treatment, history of mental disorders, current and past sleep quality, and IES-R subscales (Severity of PTSD) following COVID-19 outbreak
| Variables | Frequency | Normal | Partial PTSD | Probable PTSD | Immune System Functioning | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beliefs about COVID-19 spread | ||||||
| Yes | 1045 (97.2) | 374 (35.8) | 209 (20.0) | 98 (9.4) | 363 (34.8) | 0.103 |
| No | 30 (2.8) | 15 (50.0) | 8 (26.7) | 0 (0) | 7 (23.3) | |
| Beliefs about COVID-19 death | ||||||
| Yes | 1026 (95.4) | 357 (34.8) | 209 (20.4) | 95 (9.3) | 364 (35.5) | 0.000*** |
| No | 49 (4.6) | 32 (65.3) | 8 (16.3) | 3 (6.1) | 6 (12.2) | |
| Beliefs about COVID-19 treatment | ||||||
| Yes | 890 (82.8) | 327 (36.7) | 196 (22.0) | 81 (9.1) | 289 (32.1) | 0.001*** |
| No | 185 (17.2) | 62 (33.7) | 21 (11.4) | 17 (9.2) | 84 (45.7) | |
| Information sources | ||||||
| Internet/Social media | 592 (55.1) | 198 (33.5) | 121 (20.5) | 52 (8.8) | 220 (37.2) | 0.064 |
| Television | 381 (35.4) | 149 (39.1) | 76 (19.9) | 35 (9.2) | 121 (31.8) | |
| Radio | 4 (0.4) | 3 (75.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (25.0) | |
| Relatives | 17 (1.6) | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.8) | 4 (23.5) | 8 (47.1) | |
| Family physician | 22 (2.0) | 8 (36.4) | 7 (31.8) | 4 (18.2) | 3 (13.6) | |
| Others | 59 (5.5) | 28 (47.5) | 11 (18.6) | 3 (5.1) | 17 (28.8) | |
| Psychologist examination | ||||||
| Yes | 280 (26.0) | 83 (29.6) | 42 (15.0) | 19 (6.8) | 136 (48.6) | 0.000*** |
| No | 795 (74.0) | 306 (38.5) | 175 (22.0) | 79 (9.9) | 234 (29.5) | |
| Mental disorder | ||||||
| Yes | 108 (10.0) | 19 (17.6) | 18 (16.7) | 7 (6.5) | 64 (59.3) | 0.000*** |
| No | 967 (90.0) | 370 (38.3) | 199 (20.6) | 91 (9.4) | 306 (31.7) | |
| Psychiatric medication use | ||||||
| Yes | 99 (9.2) | 26 (26.3) | 14 (14.1) | 11 (11.1) | 48 (48.5) | 0.009** |
| No | 975 (90.8) | 363 (37.2) | 203 (20.8) | 87 (8.9) | 322 (33.0) | |
| Use of sleeping pills | ||||||
| Yes | 172 (16.0) | 39 (22.7) | 27 (15.7) | 11 (6.4) | 95 (55.2) | 0.000*** |
| No | 902 (84.0) | 350 (38.8) | 190 (21.1) | 87 (9.6) | 275 (30.5) | |
| Prior insomnia | ||||||
| Yes | 395 (36.8) | 84 (21.3) | 81 (20.5) | 32 (8.1) | 198 (50.1) | 0.000*** |
| No | 679 (63.2) | 305 (44.9) | 136 (20.0) | 66 (9.7) | 172 (25.3) | |
| Recent insomnia | ||||||
| Yes | 369 (34.4) | 65 (17.6) | 76 (20.6) | 35 (9.5) | 193 (52.3) | 0.000*** |
| No | 705 (65.6) | 324 (46.0) | 141 (20.0) | 63 (8.9) | 177 (25.1) | |
*** Significant at 0.001 level, ** Significant at 0.01 level