Table 2. Prevalence and correlates of H. pylori among adolescent boys by background characteristics, nutritional status, and micronutrient status.
| Distribution (%) |
H. pylori results | Correlates of H. pylori | Total (N) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive (%) | Negative (%) | aPR | 95%CI | P | ||||
| Age group (years) | ||||||||
| 10–14 | 58.3 | 10.5 | 89.5 | 1 | 599 | |||
| 15–19 | 41.7 | 17.8 | 82.2 | 1.30 | 0.88–1.93 | 0.192 | 424 | |
| Education | ||||||||
| Never attended school/ Primary | 32.9 | 9.1 | 90.9 | 1 | 327 | |||
| Secondary | 61.9 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 1.65 | 0.97–2.80 | 0.064 | 647 | |
| Higher | 5.2 | 27.8 | 72.2 | 3.13 | 1.22–8.00 | 0.017 | 49 | |
| Caste/ethnicity | ||||||||
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 35.7 | 15.2 | 84.5 | 1 | 434 | |||
| Terai-Madhesi Other Castes | 13.1 | 17.4 | 82.6 | 1.15 | 0.56–2.38 | 0.702 | 70 | |
| Dalits | 14.4 | 10.4 | 89.6 | 0.62 | 0.36–1.07 | 0.087 | 159 | |
| Janajatis | 33.9 | 11.9 | 88.1 | 0.94 | 0.61–1.45 | 0.787 | 338 | |
| Muslims | 2.9 | 12.2 | 87.8 | 0.83 | 0.27–2.59 | 0.750 | 22 | |
| Ecological Region | ||||||||
| Hill | 41.8 | 11.4 | 88.6 | 1 | 434 | |||
| Mountain | 6.9 | 17.3 | 82.7 | 1.23 | 0.67–2.27 | 0.503 | 157 | |
| Terai | 51.3 | 14.8 | 85.2 | 1.65 | 0.97–2.81 | 0.064 | 432 | |
| Place of residence | ||||||||
| Urban | 13.8 | 18.6 | 81.4 | 1 | 142 | |||
| Rural | 86.2 | 12.8 | 87.2 | 0.59 | 0.36–0.96 | 0.034 | 881 | |
| Province | ||||||||
| Province 1 | 16.4 | 11.7 | 88.3 | 1 | 179 | |||
| Province 2 | 22.7 | 13.3 | 86.7 | 0.85 | 0.43–1.65 | 0.625 | 106 | |
| Bagmati Province | 17.0 | 13.0 | 87.0 | 1.10 | 0.50–2.43 | 0.813 | 132 | |
| Gandaki Province | 9.7 | 6.1 | 93.9 | 0.64 | 0.26–1.55 | 0.320 | 102 | |
| Lumbini Province | 18.8 | 15.9 | 84.1 | 1.17 | 0.65–2.08 | 0.603 | 205 | |
| Karnali Province | 4.4 | 19.8 | 80.2 | 1.55 | 0.74–3.24 | 0.248 | 87 | |
| Sudoorpachim Province | 11.0 | 18.0 | 82.0 | 1.31 | 0.70–2.49 | 0.400 | 212 | |
| Wealth status | ||||||||
| Poorest | 18.6 | 16.4 | 83.6 | 1 | 251 | |||
| Poorer | 20.3 | 10.9 | 89.1 | 0.62 | 0.34–1.13 | 0.117 | 211 | |
| Middle | 22.2 | 12.4 | 87.6 | 0.51 | 0.28–0.92 | 0.025 | 209 | |
| Richer | 17.5 | 14.5 | 85.5 | 0.60 | 0.32–1.14 | 0.121 | 165 | |
| Richest | 21.5 | 14.1 | 85.9 | 0.53 | 0.26–1.08 | 0.079 | 187 | |
| Stunting (HAZ) | ||||||||
| No | 66.6 | 12.2 | 87.8 | 1 | 636 | |||
| Yes | 33.4 | 15.5 | 84.5 | 1.37 | 0.96–1.95 | 0.086 | 343 | |
| BMI (Wt/ht2) | ||||||||
| <18.5 | 66.4 | 12.3 | 87.7 | 1 | 684 | |||
| 18.5–24.9 | 31.3 | 15.1 | 84.9 | 0.96 | 0.62–1.50 | 0.869 | 323 | |
| ≥25.0 | 2.3 | 28.4 | 71.6 | 1.89 | 0.68–5.23 | 0.220 | 16 | |
| Iron deficiency a | ||||||||
| No | 95.2 | 13.8 | 86.2 | 1 | 975 | |||
| Yes | 4.8 | 11.0 | 89.0 | 1.02 | 0.31–3.31 | 0.976 | 37 | |
| Total | 100 | 14.0 | 86.0 | 1023 | ||||
Abbreviations: HAZ: Height-for-Age Z scores; BMI: Body Mass Index
aBiomarker was regression-adjusted to a pooled country reference to adjust for inflammation, using CRP and AGP (ferritin) or AGP only. Iron deficiency defined as inflammation-adjusted serum ferritin <15 μg/L[32].
bFolate cutoff based on the risk of megaloblastic anaemia defined as RBC folate <305.0 nmol/L[32].