Table 4.

In vitro findings of baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin on different brain cell types.

Cell types	Baicalein			Baicalin			Wogonin			Reference(s)
	Stimulator	Conc.	Effects	Stimulator	Conc.	Effects	Stimulator	Conc.	Effects
Primary rat retinal cells	Ascorbate/FeSO4	100 μM	Attenuate oxidative stress-induced ROS							[123]
ARPE-19 cells	H2O2; IL-1b	50 μM; 40 μM	Antioxidation by scavenging ROS; inhibit the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF; suppress IL-6 and IL-8 proinflammatory cytokines	High glucose	50 μM	Protect ARPE-19 cells from apoptosis through upregulating the release of microRNA-145; anti-inflammation by initiating the regulation of NF-κB and p38MAPK signaling pathways	LPS; IL-1 β	10 μM or 50 μM; 1–10 μM	Suppress LPS-induced inflammatory responses via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and protect the tight junctions; inhibit IL-6 and IL-8 via NF-κB pathway suppression; upregulated claudin-1 and ZO-1	[122, 124, 125, 127]
HRMEC	High glucose			High glucose	50 μM	Protect ARPE-19 cells from apoptosis through upregulating the release of microRNA-145; anti-inflammation by initiating the regulation of NF-κB and p38MAPK signaling pathways				[127]