Table 2.
Experimental studies investigating low-level RF fields above 6 GHz and cell proliferation.
| Reference | Biological system | Frequency range | Intensity | Exposure duration | Results | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [56] Badzhinyan et al. | Cells in culture | 40–90 GHz | 0.5–1000 W/m2 | 8 min | No change in cell survival at exposure levels below the limits | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [51] Beneduci et al. | Cells in culture | 53–78 GHz | 1 µW, 44–46 mW | 1–3 h/day for 5–10 days | Reduced cancer cell proliferation and changes in cell morphology | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [53] Beneduci et al. | Cells in culture | 53–78 GHz | 0.0007 W/m2 | 1–3 h/day for 5–10 days | Reduced cancer cell proliferation and changes in cell morphology | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [54] Beneduci et al. | Cells in culture | 53–78 GHz | 0.01 W/m2 | 1 h/day for 4 days | Reduction in viable cancer cells and changes in cell structural morphology | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [53] Beneduci | Cells in culture | 42–54 GHz | 1.1–3.7 W/m2 | 1 h/day for 4 days | No evidence of anti-proliferation effects in exposed cancer cells | Inadequate dosimetry and poor temperature control |
| [50] Chidichimo et al. | Cells in culture | 53–78 GHz | 7×10–4 W/m2 | 1 h/day for 12 days | Unclear results due to the in text results not matching supporting conclusions | Poor temperature control and no blinding |
| [38] Cohen et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 99 GHz | 2 W/m2 | 1–19 h | No statistically significant changes in cell proliferation or survival. SAR above limit | No blinding |
| [48] Furia et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 42 GHz | Up to 0.08 W | Up to 4 h | No change in cell proliferation or viability | No blinding |
| [49] Gos et al. | Bacteria & yeast | 40–43 GHz | 0.005–0.5 W/m2 | 2 and 5.5 h | No changes in cell proliferation | Inadequate sham control and no blinding |
| [47] Grundler and Keilmann | Bacteria & Yeast | 42 GHz | 40 mW | NS | Enhanced and inhibited rates of cell proliferation | Inadequate dosimetry, statistical analysis not described |
| [46] Grundler and Keilmann | Bacteria & Yeast | 42 GHz | 1–20 W/m² | Up to 12 h | Enhanced and inhibited rates of cell proliferation | Inadequate sham control and no blinding |
| [45] Hovnanyan et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 51–53 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | Up to 2 h | Increase in cell diameter and inhibition of cell growth | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [37] Pakhomova et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 61–62 GHz | 1.3 W/m2 | 30 min | MMW pre-exposure did not change cell survival or alter the frequency of mutations. SAR above limit | Inadequate temperature control |
| [36] Rojavin and Ziskin | Bacteria & Yeast | 61 GHz | 10 W/m² | Up to 1 h | Increase in cell survival if MMW exposure occurred after UVC exposure. No effect of MMW exposure alone. SAR above limit | No blinding |
| [57] Shiina et al. | Neural activity | 60 GHz | 10 W/m² | 24 h | No change in neurite outgrowth | No blinding |
| [44] Soghomonyan and Trchounian | Bacteria & Yeast | 51–53 GHz | 0.6 W/m² | 1 h | Changes in ion transport across the membrane and an inhibitory effect on bacteria proliferation and survival | Inadequate dosimetry and no blinding |
| [39] Tadevosyan et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 51–53 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | Up to 1 h | Changes in ion transport across the membrane and an inhibitory effect on bacteria proliferation | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [40] Torgomyan and Trchounian | Bacteria & Yeast | 70–73 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | Up to 1 h | Inhibition of proliferation and changes in membrane proteins | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [41] Torgomyan et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 70–73 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | Up to 2 h | Effect on bacterial growth and surrounding water medium | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [42] Torgomyan et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 51–73 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | 1 h | Enhanced inhibitory effect of antibiotics on bacterial proliferation. Changes in ion transport | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [43] Torgomyan et al. | Bacteria & Yeast | 51–53 GHz | 0.6 W/m2 | 1 h | Changes in the bacterial proliferation and survival. Changes in ion transport | Inadequate dosimetry and temperature control |
| [34] Webb and Booth | Bacteria & Yeast | 65–75 GHz | NS | NS | Inhibition and stimulation of bacterial growth at specific frequencies | No details on dosimetry and no blinding |
| [35] Webb and Dodds | Bacteria & Yeast | 136 GHz | 7×10–6 W | Up to 4 h | Inhibition and stimulation of bacterial growth at specific frequencies | No details on dosimetry and no blinding |
| [55] Yaekashiwa et al. | Cells in culture | 70–300 GHz | Up to 0.0127 W/m² | 3–94 h | No change in proliferation, cell activity or cytotoxicity | No blinding |
NS Not stated in the study.