Table 3.

Baseline performance (Task 1: peg transfer)

Baseline laparoscopic performance	Touch	No touch	p-value
Time (s)	156.51	169.32	0.406
Path length (mm)	7589.10	8916.98	0.257
Mean force non-zero	0.42	0.48	0.096
Maximal force (N)	1.53	2.41	0.140
Maximal impulse (Ns)	2.90	3.30	0.226
Force volume (N3)	0.04	0.07	0.088
SD force (N)	0.18	0.25	0.053

Medians, MWU test