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. 2021 Jul 7;11:14002. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93270-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of metformin on cellular ROS and ATP levels in human AsPC-1 and HDF cells. (A) Cellular ROS production was detected by CellROX Green staining in AsPC-1 and HDF cells after incubation with metformin (0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2, 10 and 20 mM) for 48 h. (B) Corresponding quantitative analysis of ROS levels. (C) Cellular ATP production was measured in ASPC-1 and HDF cells after incubation with metformin (0, 0.05, 0.5, and 5 mM) for 48 h. Three different measurements were performed for each sample. Statistical significance is indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 compared with HDF group.