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. 2021 Jul 7;11:14002. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93270-0

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Levels of DNA damage- and apoptosis-related proteins in metformin and apigenin-cotreated AsPC-1 and HDF cells. AsPC-1 and HDF cells were treated with metformin (5 mM) and apigenin (0.1, 1, 10 or 20 μM) for 48 h. Cell extracts were prepared and subjected to western blot analysis. DNA damage-related proteins were analyzed with anti-p-ATM, H2AX, and p-p53 (Ser15) antibodies. Apoptosis-related proteins were analyzed with anti-BID, Bax, cleaved-PARP, cleaved-caspase 3, 8, 9, cytochrome C, and Bim antibodies. Three different measurements were performed for each sample. Statistical significance is indicated as *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001 compared with control group.