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. 2021 Jul 7;11:14018. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93235-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ISF collecting using the MN devices from the skin of Wistar rat in vivo. Skin ISF was extracted from SMICS or TMICS with five- or ten-times application. (a) Total extracted ISF from the front and backside of the MN patch (per each MN patch and also per each device). (b) Extracted ISF from the front and backside of the MN patch in TMICS with five- or ten-times application. Graphs present average ± standard deviation based on 3 replicate samples. **,***Indicate significant difference (An unpaired t-test, p < 0.005, 0.001, respectively).