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. 2021 Jul 7;4:847. doi: 10.1038/s42003-021-02373-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a, b Frequency of eight resistance mutations in M. persicae collected from different countries (a) and host plants (b). Significant (p < 0.05) associations between specific resistance mutations and host-differentiated populations are denoted using a star (Fisher’s exact test). Significance applying to a specific codon is indicated in brackets. See Supplementary Data 1 for sample sizes. c Identification of novel resistance mutations in domain II of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) in M. persicae that confer resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. A schematic of the VGSC is shown above a nucleotide alignment illustrating the nature and position of two new mutations that both result in the same M918I substitution. For reference the wildtype sequence and the mutations leading to the amino acid substitutions reported previously at this position in resistant M. persicae are also displayed in the alignment.