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. 2021 Jul 7;11:14062. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93586-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Axitinib and gemcitabine treatment in a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model. (a) Representative in vitro bioluminescence signal of MB3W1 after 48 h treatment with gemcitabine or vehicle control. (b) Experimental strategy: Injection of 1 × 10⁶ MB3W1 in the right flank of NOD/SCID mice on day 0. On day 4 treatment of mice with cytostatic drugs started once weekly (gemcitabine, cisplatin, etoposide phosphate) and 5 times per week (axitinib), respectively, in 4 cycles. Tumor growth was monitored with non-invasive BLI. (c) Representative pictures of the BLI-Signal at the beginning (d4) and during therapy (d25). (d) Quantitative analysis of BLI-signals in different treatment groups (n = 5); data displayed as mean ± SD. Two-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons was perfromed on day + 29 (box) with the following p values: Cisplatin/Etoposide vs vehicle: ****; Gemcitabine/Axitinib vs vehicle: ****; Axitinib vs vehicle: ****; Gemcitabine vs vehicle: n.s.; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Gemcitabine: **; Axitinib vs Gemcitabine: **; Gemcitabine/Axititinib vs Gemcitabine: ***. (e) Survival curves of treatment groups. Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Vehicle: *; all other comparisons: n.s. (f) Comparison of weight change as an indicator of toxicity. Two-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons was done on two specific time points (boxes) and a significant difference was indicated as follows: day + 20: Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Vehicle: ****; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Gemcitabine: **; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Axitinib: **; all other comparisons: n.s.; day + 29: Vehicle vs Cisplatin/Etoposide: ****; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Gemcitabine: ****; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Axitinib: ****; Cisplatin/Etoposide vs Gemcitabine/Axitinib: ***; all other comparisons: n.s.