Table 4.

Preclinical studies of OV-BiTE

Ovs	Insertion effect	Self-modification effect	Virus replication ability after inserting BiTE	Onocolytic properties after inserting BiTE, without T-cell	Experimental model	Anti-tumor efficacy	Ref
ddVVs	Enhance tumor selective expression of transgene and allow for sufficient viral replication	Selective tumor replication, significantly less pathogenic	No impair	No impair	Mice A549 xenograft tumor model	Volume decreases by about 2500 mm3	[94]
ICO15K	Its expression in a replication-dependent manner without interfering with viral oncolysis	Enhances the systemic antitumor efficacy	NR	Reduced approximately 2-fold	SCID/beige mice bearing subcutaneous A549 tumors	Volume decreases by about 600 mm3	[14]
ICO15K	Its expression in a replication-dependent manner without interfering with viral oncolysis	Enhances the systemic antitumor efficacy	No impair	No impair	Xenograft mouse models	Volume decreases by about 1300 mm3	[10]
EnAd	Express BiTE only in cells supporting virus replication	Replicate more quickly and enhance potency	No impair	No impair	Liquid cancer biopsies model	Kill endogenous tumor cells	[87]
EnAd	Express BiTE only in cells supporting virus replication	Replicate more quickly and enhance potency	No impair	No impair	Malignant ascites model	Kill endogenous Fibroblasts	[22]
EnAd	NR	Replicate more quickly and enhance potency	NR	No impair	Malignant ascites model	Depletion of endogenous macrophages	[21]
MV	NR	NR	No impair	No impair	Xenograft mouse model	Significantly prolongs survival	[110]

ddVVs, double-deleted VVs; ICO15K, ICOVIR-15K; EnAd, EnAdenotucirev; MV, Measles virus; NR, not report.