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. 2021 Jul 7;11:14059. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93607-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A,B) In vitro culture images: (A) Chondrocytes in two-dimensional (2D) culture de-differentiating into fibroblast-like cells; (B) In vitro cultured chondrocytes growing in a tissue-like manner in three-dimensional (3D) thermo-reversible gelation polymer (3D-TGP) culture (the red arrow indicates the tissue; the black arrow indicates the cells migrating out into the 3D environment into the tissue); (C,D) H-and-E staining images: (C) Chondrocytes in 2D observed as individual cells. (D) 3D-TGP tissue-engineered chondrocytes exhibiting continuous tissue morphology with hyaline phenotype; (E,F) Safranin O/Fast Green staining images: (E) Chondrocytes in 2D observed as individual cells. (F) 3D-TGP tissue-engineered chondrocytes exhibiting continuous tissue morphology; (G,H) Toluidine blue images: (E) Chondrocytes in 2D observed as individual cells. (F) 3D-TGP tissue-engineered chondrocytes exhibiting continuous tissue morphology (All scale bars = 100 μm).