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. 2021 Jul 7;11:13980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93105-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Frailty analysis results for smoking continuation. Comparison between the effect estimates obtained from simulations in which the effect smoking continuation has over PD risk are explained by the presence of survival bias (red) and the resulting effect estimates between smoking continuation and PD risk obtained from our MR analysis (blue), estimated for the IVW, MR-Egger and observational approaches.