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. 2021 Jan 8;26(6):2148–2162. doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00987-x

Table 1.

Discovery cohorts.

Cohort N, M1 N, M2 % female % current smoker % former smoker DNA age, Mean (SD), ya Aggression survey Array Aggression, Mean (SD) Time between survey and DNA, Mean (min, max), yb
Peripheral blood
ALSPAC [58] 865 865 49.4 0 0 7.5 (0.2) SDQ [29] 450k 1.5 (1.4) 0.7 (0.0, 2.1)
Dunedin [59] 767 764 46.3 33.8 13.7 26.0 (0) MPQ [33] 450k 23.3 (19.3) 0
E-Risk [60] 1629 1601 49.8 22.7 0 18.0 (0) DSM-IV Conduct Disorder [32] 450k 2.2 (2.3) 0
FinnTwin12 [61] 757 757 59.2 46.0c NA 22.4 (0.7) MNPI [30] 450k 0.6 (0.7) 10.4 (9.0, 13.0)
GS:SFHS [62] 4609 4421 67.9 18.9 29.5 46.6 (14.0) 1 item, from GHQ 28 [63]d EPIC 0.1 (0.3) 0
GLAKU [64] 192 177 56.3 1.7 0 12.3 (0.5) CBCL [28] EPIC 3.9 (3.8) 0
HELIX [65] 1058 1058 44.9 NA NA 8.0 (1.6) CBCL [28] 450k 5.2 (5.0) 0
LLD [66] 683 683 59.4 19.0 33.1 43.9 (11.6) 1 item, personality questionnairee 450k 1.9 (0.9) 0.1, (0.0, 0.3)
NFBC1966 [67] 740 740 56.9 29.9 23.8 31.0 (0) 1 item, from TCI-NS4f 450k 0.8 (0.4) 0.6 (0.0, 10)
NFBC1986 [67] 517 517 53.8 36.7 41.9 16.0 (0) ASR [31] 450k 4.3 (2.6) 0.6 (0.0, 10)
NTR [68] 2059 2049 69.2 18.3 22.5 36.4 (12.0) ASR [31] 450k 2.8 (3.1) −2.6 (−10.0, 8.0)
SATSA [69] 377 377 60.2 17.0 4.0 70.2 (9.7) 1 item, from EAS [70, 71]g 450k 2.0 (1.07) −2.0 (−10.0, 5.0)
YFS [72] 181 181 63.0 30.9 27.5 19.2 (3.3) Hunter-Wolf [34, 35] 450k 3.5 (0.9) 0
Cord blood
ALSPAC [58] 808 808 50.4 0 0 0 (0) SDQ [29] 450k 1.5 (1.4) −6.8 (−6.8, −6.8)
GECKO [73] 196 186 51.5 0 0 0 (0) SDQ [29] 450k 1.1 (1.4) −5.9 (−5.1, −6.9)
Generation R [74] 806 718 49.4 0 0 0 (0) CBCL [28] 450k 5.2 (5.1) −5.9 (−5.2, −8.3)
INMA [75] 385 385 48.8 0 0 0 (0) SDQ [29] 450k 1.8 (1.7) −6, 9 (−8, 3, −6, 2)
Poseidon [76] 230 230 54.3 0 0 0 (0) CBCL [28] 450k 9.4 (5.9) −3.8 (−3.6, −4)

ALSPAC Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, Dunedin Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, E-Risk E-Risk Twin Study, FinnTwin12 Finnish Twin Cohort, GS:SFHS Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study, GLAKU Glycyrrhizin in Licorice cohort, HELIX The Human Early-Life Exposome, LLD LifeLines-DEEP, NFBC1966 Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, NFBC1986 Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, NTR Netherlands Twin Register, SATSA Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging, YFS Young Finns Study, GECKO Groningen Expert Center for Kids with Obesity, Generation R Generation R Study, INMA The INMA-INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood) Project, Poseidon Pre-, peri- and postnatal Stress in human and non-human offspring: a translational approach to study Epigenetic Impact on DepressiON, SDQ Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), conduct problems. MPQ Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire aggression, DSM-IV Conduct Disorder DSM-IV Conduct Disorder Symptom Scale, MNPI Multidimensional Peer Nomination Inventory, aggression, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, Aggressive Behavior scale, GHQ General Health Questionnaire, TCI-NS4 temperament and character inventory- novelty seeking, ASR Adult self-report, aggression scale, EAS Emotionality, Activity, Sociability scale, Hunter–Wolf Hunter–Wolf aggressive behavior scale, NA not assessed, y years.

aAge at DNA sample collection.

bTime between DNA sample collection and phenotype measure: DNA minus phenotype.

cThe percentage shows current and former smokers combined.

dHave you recently been getting edgy and bad-tempered?

eCould you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? I am known for being short-tempered and irritable.

fI lose my temper more quickly than most people.

gPeople think I am hot-tempered an temperamental.