Table 1.

A list of nutrition risk screening tools and their psychometric properties for use in oncology and surgical settings.

Tool	Phenotype	Etiology	Psychometric properties and intended population
Mini nutritional assessment—short-form (MNA-SF)	Unintentional weight loss Low BMI Low muscle mass	Reduced food intake Disease burden	As far as we are aware, this tool has not been validated against SGA or PG-SGA in surgical or oncological populations. However, this tool has been validated against the full MNA, which is a valid nutritional assessment tool used to diagnose malnutrition in older adults, specifically (15).
Malnutrition screening tool (MST)	Unintentional weight loss	Reduced food intake	Mixed cancer types, oncology inpatients, n = 126 (16): Sensitivity: 66% Specificity: 83% Positive predictive value: 91% Negative predictive value: 49% (as compared with the PG-SGA)
			Mixed cancer types, radiation, n = 106 (17); chemotherapy, n = 50 (18) and n = 246 (19); chemotherapy or supportive cancer care, n = 201 (20); outpatients, n = 300 (21): Sensitivity: 70.6-100% Specificity: 69.5-92% Positive predictive value: 40-59% Negative predictive value: 99-100% [as compared with the PG-SGA (18, 19, 21), SGA (17, 20)]
			Cancer and non-cancer, surgical inpatients, preoperative evaluation, n = 100 (22): Sensitivity: 54% Specificity: 25% Kappa coefficient: 0.90 (as compared with the SGA)
Malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST)	Unintentional weight loss Low BMI	Reduced food intake Disease burden	Mixed cancer types, radiation outpatients, n = 450 (23); chemotherapy outpatients, n = 100 (24): Sensitivity: 80-86.7% Specificity: 89-94.5% Positive predictive value: 87-92.9% Negative predictive value: 100-89.7% Kappa coefficient: 0.79-0.86(as compared with the PG-SGA)
			Colorectal cancer, surgical inpatients, preoperative assessment, n = 45 (25): Sensitivity: 96% Specificity 75% Positive predictive value: 82.8% Negative predictive value: 93.8% Kappa coefficient: 0.7(as compared with the SGA)
			Cancer and non-cancer, surgical inpatients, preoperative assessment, n = 300 (26), assessment performed within 36 h of admission, n = 120 (27): Sensitivity: 67.8-85% Specificity: 93-94.4% Positive predictive value: 76-89% Negative predictive value: 91.9-99%(as compared with the SGA)
			Cardiac, surgical inpatients, preoperative assessment, n = 894 (28): Sensitivity: 97.9% Specificity: 87.1% Positive predictive value: 29.7% Negative predictive value: 99.9%(as compared with the SGA)
Nutritional risk screening-2002 (NRS-2002)	Unintentionalweight loss Low BMI	Reduced food intake Disease burden	Head and neck/CNS cancer, oncology outpatients, n = 124 (29): Sensitivity: 67.5% Specificity: 92.9% Positive predictive value: 97.7% Negative predictive value: 68.4% Kappa coefficient: 0.71(as compared with the SGA)
			Gastric cancer, surgical inpatients, assessment performed within 24 h of admission, n = 80 (30): Sensitivity: 80% Specificity: 96% Kappa coefficient: 0.69(as compared with the SGA)
			Cancer and non-cancer, surgical inpatients, preoperative assessment, n = 300 (26), assessment performed within 36 h of admission, n = 120 (27): Sensitivity: 60.7-80% Specificity: 89-96.3% Positive predictive value: 80.9-87% Negative predictive value: 90.4-100%(as compared with the SGA)
Short nutrition assessment questionnaire (SNAQ)	Unintentional weight loss	Reduced food intake	Cardiac, surgical inpatients, preoperative assessment, n = 894 (28): Sensitivity: 91.5% Specificity: 87.5% Positive predictive value: 28.9% Negative predictive value: 99.5% (as compared with the SGA)
Canadian nutrition screening tool (CNST)	Unintentional weight loss	Reduced food intake	Inpatients, (on admission) 22% of sample surgical, n = 123 (31): Sensitivity: 72.9% Specificity: 85.9% Positive predictive value: 82.7% Negative predictive value: 77.5%(as compared with the SGA)
Royal Marsden Nutrition Screening Tool (RMNST)	Unintentional weight loss Underweight appearance	Reduced food intake Reduced food assimilation	Mixed cancer types, oncology inpatients, n = 126 (16): Sensitivity: 93% Specificity: 53% Positive predictive value: 83% Negative predictive value: 76%(as compared with the PG-SGA)
Abridged patient-generated subjective global assessment (aPG-SGA)	Unintentional weight loss	Reduced food intake Reduced food assimilation	Mixed cancer types, oncology outpatients, n = 246 (19), n = 300 (32), n = 90 (33): Sensitivity: 80.4-96.9% Specificity: 72.3-86.2% Positive predictive value: 45% (19) Negative predictive value: 98% (19) Kappa coefficient: 0.49 (19)[as compared with PG-SGA (19, 32) and the SGA (33)]
NUTRISCORE	Unintentional weight loss	Reduced food intake Reduced food assimilation	Mixed cancer types, oncology outpatients, n = 394 (34): Sensitivity: 97.3% Specificity: 95.9% Positive predictive value: 84.8% Negative predictive value: 99% Area under the curve: 0.95(as compared with the PG-SGA)
Bach Mai Boston Tool (BBT)	Unintentional weight loss Low BMI	Reduced food intake	Mixed cancer types, oncology outpatients, n = 270 (35): Sensitivity: 67.1% Specificity: 94.4% Positive predictive value: 93.3% Negative predictive value: 70.9% Area under the curve: 0.81 Kappa coefficient: 0.6(as compared with the PG-SGA)
Malnutrition screening tool for cancer (MSTC)	Unintentional weight loss Low BMI	Reduced food intake	Mixed cancer types, oncology inpatients, n = 1,057 (800 for development, 257 for validation) (36): Sensitivity: 94% Specificity: 84.2% Positive predictive value: 67.8% Negative predictive value: 97.6% Area under the curve=0.95 Kappa coefficient: 0.7(as compared with the PG-SGA)
Perioperative nutrition screen (PONS)	Unintentional weight loss Low BMI	Reduced food intake Disease burden	As far as we are aware, this tool has not been validated against SGA or PG-SGA in surgical or oncological populations

BMI, body mass index; CNS, central nervous system; PG-SGA, Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment; SGA, Subjective Global Assessment.