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. 2020 Dec 14;12(7):1228–1235. doi: 10.1111/jdi.13463

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of no diabetic retinopathy, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in participants

Characteristics NDR (n = 838) NPDR (n = 499) PDR (n = 39) P‐value
Age (years) 57.5 ± 12.3 61.4 ± 10.0 62.2 ± 12.1 <0.001*
BMI (kg/m2) 25.9 (23.7–28.1) 26.0 (23.7–28.1) 25.0 (23.39–27.40) 0.389
DM duration (years) 9.1 ± 6.9 12.3 ± 7.1 14.8 ± 7.9 <0.001*
HbA1c (%) 8.1 (6.9–9.6) 8.5 (7.2–10.0) 7.9 (6.9–8.9) 0.008*
BP (mmHg)
Systolic 136.7 ± 17.6 139.2 ± 21.1 142.1 ± 19.0 0.063
Diastolic 80.8 ± 11.9 80.5 ± 11.7 76.7 ± 9.9 0.038*
Lipid profile (mmol/L)
LDL‐c 2.60 ± 0.87 2.61 ± 0.99 2.63 ± 0.90 0.950
HDL‐c 1.13 ± 0.28 1.18 ± 0.32 1.23 ± 0.32 0.008*
TG 1.42 (1.00–2.23) 1.37 (0.94–2.11) 1.08 (0.83–1.69) 0.003*
TC 4.43 ± 1.24 4.53 ± 1.33 4.47 ± 1.14 0.488
FFA 0.43 ± 0.21 0.39 ± 0.20 0.45 ± 0.25 0.001*
Sex hormones
PRL (mIU/L) 311.1 (239.5–400.9) 278.0 (215.1–373.2) 303.3 (223.6–382.5) <0.001*
LH (mIU/mL) 7.37 (5.39–9.79) 7.70 (5.45–10.21) 8.89 (6.58–12.37) 0.033*
FSH (mIU/mL) 8.86 (6.06–12.53) 9.35 (6.18–13.91) 9.70 (5.88–15.81) 0.192
E2 (pmol/L) 98.53 (72.24–132.70) 99.86 (73.32–132.40) 103.20 (78.67– 136.50) 0.768
P (nmol/L) 0.68 (0.40–1.11) 0.86 (0.46–1.43) 1.51 (1.05–1.97) <0.001*
T (nmol/L) 13.71 (10.30–18.15) 13.93 (10.62–17.78) 16.46 (12.41–21.47) 0.019*
sUA (µmol/L) 340 (283–394) 338 (285–387) 377 (333–430) 0.016*
Scr (µmol/L) 63.35 ± 28.02 73.12 ± 24.45 106.41 ± 37.74 <0.001*
Smoking (%) 434 (51.79%) 270 (54.11%) 22 (56.41%) 0.649
Drinking (%) 416 (49.64%) 246 (49.30%) 16 (41.03%) 0.557

Kruskal–Wallis H‐test or χ2‐test. Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non‐normal variables are expressed as the median (interquartile range), and categorical variables are expressed as the percentage (%). BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; E2, estrogen; FFA, free fatty acid; FSH, follicle‐stimulating hormone; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐c, how‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; P, progesterone; PDR, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PRL, prolactin; Scr, serum creatinine; sUA, serum uric acid; T, testosterone; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.*Statistically significant.