Table 1.
Characteristics | NDR (n = 838) | NPDR (n = 499) | PDR (n = 39) | P‐value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 57.5 ± 12.3 | 61.4 ± 10.0 | 62.2 ± 12.1 | <0.001* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.9 (23.7–28.1) | 26.0 (23.7–28.1) | 25.0 (23.39–27.40) | 0.389 |
DM duration (years) | 9.1 ± 6.9 | 12.3 ± 7.1 | 14.8 ± 7.9 | <0.001* |
HbA1c (%) | 8.1 (6.9–9.6) | 8.5 (7.2–10.0) | 7.9 (6.9–8.9) | 0.008* |
BP (mmHg) | ||||
Systolic | 136.7 ± 17.6 | 139.2 ± 21.1 | 142.1 ± 19.0 | 0.063 |
Diastolic | 80.8 ± 11.9 | 80.5 ± 11.7 | 76.7 ± 9.9 | 0.038* |
Lipid profile (mmol/L) | ||||
LDL‐c | 2.60 ± 0.87 | 2.61 ± 0.99 | 2.63 ± 0.90 | 0.950 |
HDL‐c | 1.13 ± 0.28 | 1.18 ± 0.32 | 1.23 ± 0.32 | 0.008* |
TG | 1.42 (1.00–2.23) | 1.37 (0.94–2.11) | 1.08 (0.83–1.69) | 0.003* |
TC | 4.43 ± 1.24 | 4.53 ± 1.33 | 4.47 ± 1.14 | 0.488 |
FFA | 0.43 ± 0.21 | 0.39 ± 0.20 | 0.45 ± 0.25 | 0.001* |
Sex hormones | ||||
PRL (mIU/L) | 311.1 (239.5–400.9) | 278.0 (215.1–373.2) | 303.3 (223.6–382.5) | <0.001* |
LH (mIU/mL) | 7.37 (5.39–9.79) | 7.70 (5.45–10.21) | 8.89 (6.58–12.37) | 0.033* |
FSH (mIU/mL) | 8.86 (6.06–12.53) | 9.35 (6.18–13.91) | 9.70 (5.88–15.81) | 0.192 |
E2 (pmol/L) | 98.53 (72.24–132.70) | 99.86 (73.32–132.40) | 103.20 (78.67– 136.50) | 0.768 |
P (nmol/L) | 0.68 (0.40–1.11) | 0.86 (0.46–1.43) | 1.51 (1.05–1.97) | <0.001* |
T (nmol/L) | 13.71 (10.30–18.15) | 13.93 (10.62–17.78) | 16.46 (12.41–21.47) | 0.019* |
sUA (µmol/L) | 340 (283–394) | 338 (285–387) | 377 (333–430) | 0.016* |
Scr (µmol/L) | 63.35 ± 28.02 | 73.12 ± 24.45 | 106.41 ± 37.74 | <0.001* |
Smoking (%) | 434 (51.79%) | 270 (54.11%) | 22 (56.41%) | 0.649 |
Drinking (%) | 416 (49.64%) | 246 (49.30%) | 16 (41.03%) | 0.557 |
Kruskal–Wallis H‐test or χ2‐test. Normally distributed variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, non‐normal variables are expressed as the median (interquartile range), and categorical variables are expressed as the percentage (%). BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DM, diabetes mellitus; E2, estrogen; FFA, free fatty acid; FSH, follicle‐stimulating hormone; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐c, how‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LH, luteinizing hormone; NDR, no diabetic retinopathy; NPDR, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; P, progesterone; PDR, non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PRL, prolactin; Scr, serum creatinine; sUA, serum uric acid; T, testosterone; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.*Statistically significant.