Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants of the cross‐sectional study
| Total | Normo‐albuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 432 | 263 | 122 | 47 | – |
| Age (years) | 66.7 ± 11.1 | 64.2 ± 0.7 | 67.5 ± 1.0* | 69.0 ± 1.6† | 0.003 |
| Male | 231 (53.5) | 143 (54.4) | 55 (45.1) | 33 (70.2) | 0.022 |
| Height (cm) | 161.2 ± 9.30 | 161.8 ± 0.57 | 159.4 ± 0.84* | 162.2 ± 1.35 | 0.045 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.3 ± 12.6 | 63.0 ± 0.77 | 62.6 ± 1.14 | 66.4 ± 1.83 | 0.188 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± 3.98 | 24.0 ± 0.24 | 24.6 ± 0.36 | 25.1 ± 0.58 | 0.120 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.66 ± 0.19 | 1.67 ± 0.01 | 1.64 ± 0.02 | 1.70 ± 0.03 | 0.141 |
| Body composition | |||||
| Body fat mass (kg) | 18.7 ± 7.87 | 18.2 ± 0.48 | 19.2 ± 0.71 | 20.1 ± 1.14 | 0.206 |
| Skeletal muscle mass (kg) | 24.1 ± 5.34 | 24.4 ± 0.33 | 23.0 ± 0.48* | 24.9 ± 0.77 | 0.021 |
| Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 6.93 ± 1.07 | 6.97 ± 0.07 | 6.75 ± 1.00 | 7.22 ± 0.16‡ | 0.024 |
| ICW (kg) | 20.0 ± 4.09 | 20.3 ± 0.25 | 19.1 ± 0.37* | 20.6 ± 0.59 | 0.019 |
| ECW (kg) | 12.7 ± 2.43 | 12.8 ± 0.15 | 12.3 ± 0.22 | 13.5 ± 0.35‡ | 0.013 |
| ECW/ICW ratio | 0.639 ± 0.027 | 0.634 ± 0.002 | 0.645 ± 0.003* | 0.656 ± 0.004†,‡ | <0.001 |
| ECW/TBW ratio | 0.390 ± 0.01 | 0.388 ± 0.001 | 0.392 ± 0.001* | 0.396 ± 0.015†,‡ | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol (%) | 54.7 ± 12.2 (7.16 ± 1.11) | 53.2 ± 0.75 (7.02 ± 0.07) | 57.5 ± 1.09* (7.41 ± 0.10) | 55.8 ± 1.76 (7.26 ± 0.16) | 0.005 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 73.3 ± 40.5 | 66.7 ± 2.28 | 69.4 ± 3.35 | 120.7 ± 5.40†,‡ | <0.001 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.55 ± 19.9 | 74.2 ± 1.15 | 71.1 ± 1.69 | 51.3 ± 2.73 | <0.001 |
| CKD | 118 (27.3) | 46 (17.5) | 39 (32.0) | 33 (70.2) | <0.001 |
| Urinary ACR (mg/gCr) | 134.5 ± 397.6 | 12.5 ± 17.6 | 95.4 ± 25.9* | 918.7 ± 41.7†,‡ | <0.001 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 13.7 ± 10.4 | 12.6 ± 0.64 | 15.0 ± 0.94 | 16.5 ± 1.51† | 0.016 |
| Smoking: never‐/ex‐/current smoker (%) | 260/75/97 (60.2/17.4/22.5) | 159/43/61 (60.4/16.3/23.2) | 81/22/19 (66.4/18.0/15.6) | 20/10/17 (42.6/21.3/36.2) | 0.034 |
| Exercise habit | 208 (48.1) | 135 (51.3) | 51 (41.8) | 22 (46.8) | 0.216 |
| Use of RAS inhibitor | 199 (46.1) | 96 (36.5) | 64 (52.5) | 39 (83.0) | <0.001 |
| Use of Insulin | 84 (19.4) | 46 (17.5) | 24 (19.7) | 14 (29.8) | 0.175 |
| Use of SGLT‐2 inhibitor | 68 (15.7) | 37 (14.1) | 23 (18.9) | 8 (17.0) | 0.472 |
| Use of diuretics | 41 (9.5) | 17 (6.5) | 9 (7.4) | 15 (31.9) | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as the number and mean ± standard deviation, or percentage. Comparisons were carried out using one‐way anova and Tukey’s honestly significant difference test for continuous variables, and the χ2‐test for categorical variables. The urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) values were classified into three groups as <30 mg/gCr (normoalbuminuria), 30–300 mg/gCr (microalbuminuria) and ≥300 mg/gCr (macroalbuminuria).
CKD, chronic kidney disease; ECW, extracellular water; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; ICW, intracellular water; RAS, renin‐angiotensin‐system; SGLT‐2, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2; TBW, total body water.
P < 0.05 versus normo‐ to microalbuminuria, † P < 0.05 versus normo‐ to macroalbuminuria, ‡ P < 0.05 versus micro‐ to macroalbuminuria.