Table 3.
Mental health outcomes in pregnant or postpartum women with vs. without COVID-19.
| Study | Study Design | Country | Study Period | Recruitment Sites/Methods | Participant Characteristics | Main Findings | Risk of Biasa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy/ Postpartum Status |
Subgroups | Maternal Age | |||||||
| Bender et al. (91) | Cohort | United States of America | April 13-26, 2020 (during the pandemic) | Hospitals | Pregnant women (N = 318) | COVID-19+ (n = 8) vs. COVID-19– (n = 310) | NR | Asymptomatic COVID-19+ pregnant women showed increased depression compared to asymptomatic COVID-19– pregnant women. This pattern extended to the early postpartum. | 9 |
| Ceulemans et al. (55) | Cross-sectional | United Kingdom, Norway, Switzerland, The Netherlands | June 16–July 14, 2020 (during the pandemic) | Online survey | Pregnant and postpartum women (N = 9,041) | COVID-19+ (n = 56) vs. COVID-19- (n = 796) | NR | COVID-19+ pregnant and postpartum women were not more likely to have major depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, or stress compared to COVID-19– women. | 8 |
| Kotabagi et al. (92) | Cross-sectional | United Kingdom | April 2020 (during the pandemic) | Hospitals | Pregnant women (N = 11) • GA: Med = 39 weeks |
COVID-19+ (n = 11) | Med = 31 years | COVID-19+ women reported an increase in psychological symptoms at the start of the pandemic, but symptoms decreased over time. | 3 |
GA, gestational age; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; Med, median; R, range; COVID19+, COVID-19 positive; COVID-19–, COVID-19 negative; NR, not reported.
a
Assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (54). See section Assessment of Risk of Bias for details. Scores range from 0 (highest bias) to 10 points (lowest bias).