Table 4.
Mental health outcomes in pregnant vs. non-pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Study | Study Design | Country | Study Period | Recruitment Sites/Methods | Participant Characteristics | Main Findings | Risk of Biasa | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pregnancy/ Postpartum Status |
Subgroups | Maternal Age | |||||||
| Lopez-Moralez et al. (93) | Longitudinal | Argentina | March 20–May 10, 2020 (during the pandemic) | Social media | Pregnant (GA: 20.05 [M] ± 8.70 [SD] weeks) and non-pregnant women (N = 204) |
Pregnant (n = 102) vs. Non-pregnant (n = 102) |
32.56 (M) ± 4.71 (SD) years | Compared to non-pregnant women, pregnant women showed increased depression, anxiety and decreased negative affect during the pandemic. | 6 |
| Yassa et al. (94) | Case-control | Turkey | April 2020 (during the pandemic) | Tertiary “coronavirus pandemic” hospital centre | Pregnant (GA: Med = 25 [R = 4–42] weeks) and non-pregnant women (N = 304) |
Pregnant (n = 203) vs. Non-pregnant (n = 101) |
[Pregnant]: 27.4 (M) ± 5.3 (SD) years [Non-pregnant]: 27.6 (M) ± 4.1 (SD) years | Compared to non-pregnant women, pregnant women reported lower anxiety and greater OCD-like symptoms during the pandemic. | 7 |
| Zhou et al. (95) | Cross-sectional | China | February 28–March 12, 2020 (during the pandemic) | Social media | Pregnant and non-pregnant women (N = 859) |
Pregnant (n = 544) vs. Non-pregnant (n = 315) |
[Pregnant]: 31.1 (M) ± 3.9 (SD) years [Non-pregnant]: 35.4 (M) ± 5.7 (SD) years | Compared to non-pregnant women, pregnant women reported low depression, anxiety, PTSD, and insomnia during the pandemic. | 7 |
GA, gestational age; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; Med, median; R, range; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; OCD, obsessive-compulsive disorder.
a
Assessed using a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (54). See section Assessment of Risk of Bias for details. Scores range from 0 (highest bias) to 10 points (lowest bias).