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. 2021 Jun 24;12:692222. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692222

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Copyright © 2021 Peñate Medina, Kolb, Hüttmann, Huber, Peñate Medina, Ha, Ulloa, Larsen, Ferrari, Rafecas, Ellrichmann, Pravdivtseva, Anikeeva, Humbert, Both, Hundt and Hövener

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Measuring the metabolism of an arthritis model with hyperpolarized hyperpolarized MRI: anatomical 1H MRI (top left), quantitative metabolic map of lactate-to-pyruvate ratio (top right) and corresponding 13C spectra. Arthritis was induced in the right paw of the rats while the left served as a control. Hyperpolarized pyruvate was injected and ¹³C metabolic imaging performed. The inflamed paw exhibited a 65% increase in lactate signal and no alanine signal indicating abnormal metabolism. Figure modified from [MacKenzie et al. (79)].