Table 2.
Logistic regression models testing associations between demographic, socioeconomic, residential, and health exposures and the odds of arts engagement
| Model 1: Events n = 8684 |
Model 2: Activities n = 4372 |
Model 3: Groups n = 4268 |
Model 4: Interested non-attendes n = 2061 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
| Age | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.629 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.605 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.007 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.850 |
| Age (quadratic) | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.302 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.129 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Female | 1.24 | 1.10–1.39 | < 0.001 | 1.71 | 1.45–2.00 | < 0.001 | 1.33 | 1.08–1.63 | 0.008 | 1.19 | 0.90–1.58 | 0.215 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Black | 0.66 | 0.55–0.78 | < 0.001 | 0.48 | 0.38–0.61 | < 0.001 | 0.94 | 0.66–1.33 | 0.718 | 0.92 | 0.61–1.39 | 0.696 |
| Other | 0.89 | 0.71–1.11 | 0.294 | 0.70 | 0.51–0.96 | 0.028 | 1.11 | 0.74–1.69 | 0.606 | 0.56 | 0.35–0.89 | 0.015 |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Separated | 1.16 | 1.00–1.34 | 0.056 | 0.90 | 0.75–1.09 | 0.282 | 0.91 | 0.68–1.22 | 0.531 | 1.08 | 0.75–1.57 | 0.671 |
| Never married | 1.37 | 1.14–1.63 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.78–1.27 | 0.987 | 1.58 | 1.18–2.11 | 0.002 | 1.26 | 0.86–1.86 | 0.236 |
| Employment status | ||||||||||||
| Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 0.93 | 0.73–1.19 | 0.561 | 1.44 | 1.06–1.95 | 0.021 | 0.79 | 0.50–1.23 | 0.286 | 1.41 | 0.85–2.34 | 0.179 |
| Retired | 1.15 | 0.93–1.43 | 0.200 | 1.10 | 0.83–1.45 | 0.523 | 1.26 | 0.85–1.85 | 0.249 | 0.89 | 0.57–1.39 | 0.605 |
| Keeping house | 0.82 | 0.67–1.01 | 0.057 | 1.13 | 0.87–1.46 | 0.350 | 1.38 | 0.95–2.00 | 0.089 | 0.95 | 0.62–1.47 | 0.831 |
| Other | 1.07 | 0.82–1.39 | 0.633 | 1.35 | 0.96–1.89 | 0.085 | 1.11 | 0.71–1.72 | 0.651 | 0.78 | 0.48–1.28 | 0.324 |
| Family income | ||||||||||||
| $0–$9999 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| $10,000–$19,999 | 1.27 | 1.07–1.51 | 0.007 | 0.84 | 0.65–1.07 | 0.162 | 1.15 | 0.77–1.74 | 0.492 | 1.13 | 0.76–1.68 | 0.536 |
| $20,000–$29,999 | 1.58 | 1.29–1.95 | < 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.72–1.27 | 0.756 | 1.54 | 0.97–2.45 | 0.067 | 1.11 | 0.66–1.87 | 0.698 |
| $30,000–$49,999 | 1.80 | 1.46–2.22 | < 0.001 | 0.87 | 0.65–1.17 | 0.358 | 1.42 | 0.91–2.23 | 0.122 | 1.14 | 0.73–1.78 | 0.557 |
| $50,000+ | 2.78 | 2.17–3.57 | < 0.001 | 0.81 | 0.58–1.13 | 0.211 | 1.42 | 0.89–2.26 | 0.137 | 1.03 | 0.49–2.15 | 0.940 |
| Financial situation | ||||||||||||
| Not satisfied at all | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | ||||||
| More or less satisfied | 0.92 | 0.80–1.06 | 0.267 | 1.00 | 0.83–1.21 | 0.962 | – | – | – | 0.70 | 0.52–0.96 | 0.028 |
| Pretty well satisfied | 1.03 | 0.87–1.21 | 0.772 | 1.00 | 0.81–1.24 | 0.978 | – | – | – | 0.79 | 0.53–1.17 | 0.234 |
| Social class | ||||||||||||
| Lower class | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Working class | 1.20 | 0.94–1.53 | 0.145 | 1.20 | 0.86–1.69 | 0.285 | 1.21 | 0.64–2.30 | 0.558 | 1.02 | 0.65–1.62 | 0.916 |
| Middle class | 1.52 | 1.16–1.97 | 0.002 | 1.03 | 0.73–1.46 | 0.870 | 1.35 | 0.71–2.57 | 0.359 | 0.69 | 0.43–1.12 | 0.132 |
| Upper class | 1.52 | 0.99–2.35 | 0.058 | 0.92 | 0.56–1.50 | 0.743 | 1.67 | 0.77–3.62 | 0.195 | 0.29 | 0.08–1.09 | 0.066 |
| Years of education | 1.19 | 1.16–1.22 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 1.05–1.12 | < 0.001 | 1.15 | 1.10–1.20 | < 0.001 | 1.11 | 1.05–1.17 | < 0.001 |
| Parental years of education | 1.05 | 1.04–1.07 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | < 0.001 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.08 | 0.019 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.08 | 0.147 |
| General health rating | ||||||||||||
| Excellent | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | ||||||
| Good | 0.88 | 0.75–1.03 | 0.121 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.14 | 0.577 | – | – | – | 1.02 | 0.67–1.55 | 0.917 |
| Fair | 0.70 | 0.58–0.85 | < 0.001 | 0.92 | 0.71–1.18 | 0.492 | – | – | – | 1.30 | 0.84–2.02 | 0.243 |
| Poor | 0.48 | 0.34–0.67 | < 0.001 | 0.91 | 0.63–1.33 | 0.634 | – | – | – | 1.38 | 0.74–2.56 | 0.309 |
| Level of urbanicity | ||||||||||||
| Med-large city | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Suburb | 0.92 | 0.79–1.08 | 0.311 | 1.18 | 0.98–1.42 | 0.075 | 1.06 | 0.82–1.38 | 0.666 | 1.12 | 0.77–1.63 | 0.558 |
| Unincorporated area | 0.79 | 0.64–0.96 | 0.020 | 0.96 | 0.75–1.24 | 0.771 | 1.22 | 0.89–1.67 | 0.225 | 1.15 | 0.77–1.73 | 0.495 |
| Small city or town | 0.69 | 0.58–0.83 | < 0.001 | 1.08 | 0.84–1.41 | 0.538 | 1.20 | 0.88–1.64 | 0.255 | 1.19 | 0.77–1.85 | 0.436 |
| Smaller areas | 0.57 | 0.47–0.69 | < 0.001 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.28 | 0.874 | 0.96 | 0.63–1.45 | 0.836 | 0.63 | 0.39–1.02 | 0.061 |
| Household size | 0.95 | 0.90–0.99 | 0.030 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.09 | 0.572 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.08 | 0.811 | 0.96 | 0.87–1.05 | 0.350 |
| Feels afraid in neighborhood | 1.06 | 0.91–1.24 | 0.463 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.17 | 0.714 | – | – | – | 1.11 | 0.79–1.56 | 0.536 |
| Survey year | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| 2 | 2.02 | 1.69–2.40 | < 0.001 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.06 | 0.194 | 0.73 | 0.52–1.03 | 0.074 | 1.04 | 0.79–1.38 | 0.757 |
| 3 | 2.27 | 1.88–2.73 | < 0.001 | 1.05 | 0.88–1.26 | 0.568 | 0.77 | 0.60–0.99 | 0.045 | – | – | – |
| 4 | 1.25 | 1.06–1.48 | 0.008 | – | – | – | 0.68 | 0.54–0.87 | 0.002 | – | – | – |
| 5 | 1.05 | 0.87–1.26 | 0.624 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Note. Survey year refers to different years for each arts outcome: for events 1 = 1993, 2 = 1998, 3 = 2002, 4 = 2012, 5 = 2016; for activities 1 = 1993, 2 = 1998, 3 = 2002; for groups 1 = 1993, 2 = 1994, 3 = 2004, 4 = 2010; and for interested non-attendees 1 = 2012, 2 = 2016. These numbers have been added for ease of presentation; years were used in analyses. For odds ratios, 1 indicates the reference category