Table 1.

Effect of flavonoids-induced immunomodulation via AhR.

Flavonoid	Type of study	Disease involved	Mechanism	References
βNF	In vivo	Colitis	Inhibition of NF-κB pathway Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12	(73)
Cardamonin	In vitro In vivo	Cell line (THP-1) Colitis	Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α	(74)
Alpinetin	In vivo In vitro	Colitis Cell isolation (colonic lamina propria)	Restoration of Th17/Treg balance Induce differentiation of Treg and less effect on Th17 differentiation	(75)
Naringenin	In vivo	Allergy	Induced Treg differentiation	(76)